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Penile Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Eleni Anastasiadis, Nicholas A. Watkin
Histology:Hyperplastic or atrophic epithelium without cellular atypia.Homogenisation of underlying stroma.Mild vasocongestion.
Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
Both men and women experience during sexual intercourse the sexual response cycle. This follows four phases: desire, excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution. Desire is influenced through stimuli that can be from many different areas such as environmental and cultural, and causes the initiation or receptiveness of sexual activity. Excitement develops through stimulation. Plateau is a consolidation period in which intense stimulation will be intensified. Orgasm is where there are involuntary contractions causing the peaking of sexual pleasure and the release in sexual tension. Resolution is where the body returns to its pre-excitement state which can be seen in loss of erection or the decrease in the clitoris’s size, and vasocongestion is relieved. If orgasm does not occur, then discomfort in the genital area may be experienced as vasocongestion has not been relieved.
Importance of the Microcirculation to Intestinal Secretion
Published in T. S. Gaginella, Regulatory Mechanisms — in — Gastrointestinal Function, 2017
The intestine is considered the central organ involved in multiple organ failure (MOF). MOF is a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that proceeds from reversible to irreversible shock unless successfully treated. SIRS occurs as a result of an insult such as hemorrhage, ischemia-reperfusion, infection, or different types of trauma. Cytotoxic substances are formed in the splanchnic region. They then enter the circulation, where they depress the functioning of other, already depressed, organs.328 The sequences of events that occur in shock are not well defined, but plateletactivating factor (PAF) and other mediators play a major role.329330 Many of the effects of PAF are antagonized by NO produced in tissues, including the gut. A consequence of generalized cytotoxicity is the release of vasoactive substances by deteriorating organs and the formation of oxygen free radicals.331332Although there are differences in shock states due to different causes, there is a great degree of similarity in the consequences that lead to death. These include decreased effective organ perfusion, hypotension, hemoconcentration, release of toxic substances, and vasocongestion.333334 These reactions are symptoms of a general inflammatory response that occurs irrespective of the initiating cause of shock.
An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Sarah Cipriani, Chiara Alfaroli, Elisa Maseroli, Linda Vignozzi
In 2006, the earliest clinical study of bremelanotide was conducted in 18 premenopausal women primarily diagnosed with FSAD [30]. Enrolled patients randomly received a single intranasal dose of 20 mg bremelanotide or matching placebo on the first in-clinic visit and the alternate medication during the second one [30]. During each treatment session, patients watched a short sexually explicit video after a neutral video of the same duration. As assessed by a treatment satisfaction questionnaire, after the bremelanotide dose, women reported a moderate to high sexual desire (p = 0.0114), as well as better sensations of genital arousal (p = 0.0833) and a more satisfying sexual arousal in sexual intercourses attempted in the following 24 h (p = 0.0256), compared to placebo [30]. Conversely, bremelanotide or placebo did not induce any significant variation in vaginal vasocongestion, as evaluated through vaginal photoplethysmography [30].
Toxicity of microwave-assisted biosynthesized zinc nanoparticles in mice: a preliminary study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Azad Salimi, Hamid-Reza Rahimi, Hamid Forootanfar, Elham Jafari, Atefeh Ameri, Mojtaba Shakibaie
The histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical and molecular results, with the most significant changes found in mouse sampled tissues after 14 days of treatment with biogenic Zn NPs at the dose of 5 g/kg and ZnSO4 at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Here, vasocongestion and vasodilatation, congestion of glomeruli, infiltration of interstitial mononuclear cells and intratubular protein deposition along with some tubular cells detachment and swelling in epithelial cells of proximal tubules were found in the kidney, which was associated with high serum levels of Urea and Cr as well as oxidative damages. In the liver, the histopathological changes in the groups treated with high doses of biogenic NPs (5 g/kg) included hydropic degeneration and enlargement of hepatocytes, increased binucleated hepatocytes and mitotic figures, proliferation of kupffer cells, central and portal vein congestion with portal and focal lobular inflammation. All these indicated the damage of liver hepatocytes and the risk of liver toxicity. This liver toxicity confirmed the biochemical results and could be monitored by measuring the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes. The histopathogilical changes may be persistent or transiently occur, and the signs might be reversible after discontinuing NPs treatment [5]. Furthermore, the results indicated no significant histopathological changes after exposure with biogenic Zn NPs at the dose of 1 g/kg, and its histological findings were similar to those of the control.
Does Metabolic Syndrome Impair Sexual Functioning in Adults With Overweight and Obesity?
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2019
Saeideh Botlani Esfahani, Sebely Pal
Rutherford and Collier (2005) reviewed the available literature and noted that a reduction in vaginal vasocongestion—associated with reduced nitric oxide and necessary for tumescence—resulted from diabetic vascular disease. In addition, this reduction in vaginal vasocongestion had repercussions on female sexual functioning, resulting in dyspareunia and reduced clitoral sensation (Rutherford & Collier, 2005). Furthermore, these researchers found evidence of reduced sex hormone-binding globulin as well as serum androgen excess in females with T2D but noted improved sexual functioning following hormone replacement therapy (Rutherford & Collier, 2005). Decreased sexual activity and sexual satisfaction in women with T2D have been associated with decreased clitoral blood flow, resulting from damage to the vascular and autonomic nervous system (Cortelazzi et al., 2013). Although the research investigating possible relationships is minimal, the existing evidence illustrates the impact such metabolic conditions can have on female sexual functioning.