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Consciousness, EEG, Sleep and Emotions
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
REM sleep lasts for 5–30 minutes and occurs approximately every 90 minutes during sleep. Adults aged more than 50 years spend about 15% of total sleep in REM sleep. REM sleep is divided into phasic and tonic phases. The tonic phase, associated with tonic inhibition of muscle tone, is interrupted by a phasic phase, which is associated with motor activity (e.g. rapid eye movements), autonomic instability (irregular respiration, hypo-or hypertension) and dreaming.
Parasomnias
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
The REM behavior disorder is the loss of postural atonia normally present in REM sleep, leading to gross motor activity during REM periods, which not infrequently contain elements of dream enactment (10). The disorder exists as an idiopathic condition of middle-aged and older adults or as a symptom of various brain syndromes such as occur with arteriosclerosis, infectious or inflammatory processes, Parkinson’s disease, or mass lesions. An association with chronic alcoholism is postulated but unproven.
Circarhythms
Published in Sue Binkley, Biological Clocks, 2020
REM sleep may depend on mechanisms involving serotonin, the caudal part of the raphe system of the brain, cholinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms, and the locus ceruleus of the brain.99 Drugs affect REM sleep. For example, one drug, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) inhibits synthesis of serotonin in the brain and induces insomnia.
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Sleeping is an integral part of our lives, and yet the scope of its importance is typically not fully appreciated. While most realize sleep is necessary for physical health, what is not as readily acknowledged is the importance of dreaming for mental health. The need for sleep is so essential that if we miss one night of sleep, our body tries to recover what was lost in subsequent nights. Sleep appears to be universal in that virtually every species has some kind of sleep. There are various theories behind why we must sleep, with physical rest being only a partial explanation. There is no argument that sleep allows our bodies to save and restore energy, and that while we sleep, our metabolism is much slower than when we are awake but there are also periods of sleep when our brain is actually more active than during wakefulness. While we are asleep, our brains also reorganize and store information, something for which dreaming is crucial; the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep plays a role in memory retention and consolidation, for even one night without REM sleep decreases the ability to retain newly learned information. The retention of complex information is greatly reduced when a person is deprived of the REM stage of sleep. It has also been hypothesized that REM sleep is designed to remove useless information from memory in a selective pruning process that balances the number of new synapses the brain generates during development and learning. Thus, dreaming is as important for removing unwanted information as it is for storing important data (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Li et al., 2017).
Sleep is something, not nothing: an interprofessional approach to sleep assessment and treatment to support substance use recovery
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Jennifer Gardner, Margaret Swarbrick, Robert H. Kitzinger
Other basic sleep definitions that are of importance to this topic include circadian rhythm, rapid eye movement (REM) vs. non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and sleep onset latency. Circadian rhythm is defined as the physiological 24-hr time pattern of human life, which includes periods of consciousness/alertness and sleep. This pattern is established early in life through consistent patterning of waking/sleeping, therefore is contextual in nature (Meadows et al., 2017). Sleep progresses through predictable stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with the majority of sleep as NREM. Although REM constitutes less time during a sleep cycle, it does involve high brain activity and is associated with restoration. Sleep onset latency is in essence the ‘time from turning off the light to falling asleep,’ or the time it takes to fall asleep from consciousness. These terms will be important to understand to guide professionals when engaging in assessment and intervention.
D-ribose-L-cysteine modulates paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced neurological impairments: anxiolytic and antioxidative study in rat model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Taiwo Abayomi, Olorunfemi Tokunbo, Oluwatobiloba Oroyemi, Olawale Abayomi, Opeyemi Osuntokun, Benedict Falana, Temidayo Adeniyi
Sleep is a ubiquitous phenomenon and most species, including humans spend a significant time asleep. It is widely acknowledged that sleep is crucial for proper brain function. There are five phases of sleep: the wake phase, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) phase, which has 3 stages (N1 to N3), and the rapid eye movement (REM) phase. Wakefulness is characterized by more than 50% alpha waves and opening of the eyes. The N1 stage of the NREM phase is the most superficial stage of sleep characterized by skeletal muscle tone and regular breathing rate. The N2 stage, where the majority of sleep is spent, typifies a deeper stage of sleep characterized by lowered body temperature and heart rate. As deeper sleep develops, there is a transition to the N3 stage of NREM. This is the deepest stage of sleep when the body repairs worn-out tissues, builds bones and strengthens the immune system. REM sleep usually begins about 90 minutes after an individual falls asleep. Apart from the eye and diaphragmatic breathing muscles which remain active, all other skeletal muscles are inactive. The REM stage of sleep is characterized by dreaming and erratic breathing rate [1].