China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Principles of 3D Echocardiographic Imaging
Published in Takahiro Shiota, 3D Echocardiography, 2020
Bart Bijnens, Filip Loncaric, Jan D'hooge
In clinical practice, cardiac imaging serves several objectives. Mainly it is used to obtain relevant information and preferably quantification of cardiac and myocardial morphology, on cardiac function and on perfusion. When using echocardiography, the relevant morphological information extracted from the images translates into anatomical information on myocardium, pericardium, valves, and so on. For cardiac function, wall motion and deformation, valve function, and hemodynamics are studied, using visual assessment, myocardial strain imaging, and Doppler blood flow. Using additional contrast, some limited information on perfusion can be obtained.
Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
MRI may be performed for aortic abnormalities such as aortic dissection, coarctation and aortic valve stenosis. This may require supplementary imaging of the heart and quantification of flow through the aortic valve. The methods used for cardiac imaging are described earlier in this chapter. Anatomical imaging of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta includes black blood and bright blood transverse and sagittal oblique imaging using cardiac gating or triggering. Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) may be performed for the thoracic and abdominal aorta and the principal branches. For some pathologies, contrast-enhanced MRA is the only procedure performed.
System Imaging in Unexplained Fever
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Cardiac imaging has been in the forefront of the new advances; in addition to nuclear imaging and echocardiography, gated CT and MRI cardiac evaluation has already found favor in some of the larger institutions. Many of the investigations are mainly directed at the evaluation of anatomical defects, flow states, and cardiac performance. However, these modern imaging procedures are able to demonstrate valvular vegetations, and intracardiac tumor masses, which may well be the cause of a fever of unknown source.9
Omaveloxolone: an activator of Nrf2 for the treatment of Friedreich ataxia
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Victoria Profeta, Kellie McIntyre, McKenzie Wells, Courtney Park, David R Lynch
Cardiomyopathy is found to some degree in >50% of FRDA patients, making ongoing cardiac monitoring important. Cardiac disease is the most common reason for premature death [4,18]. Patients with impactful cardiac disease almost always have onset prior to age 18 and more commonly have longer GAA repeat length (>700) [14,18]. In FRDA, cardiac hypertrophy predominates early, but later evolves into fibrosis and myocyte dropout [4,18–21]. Screening by means of cardiac imaging detects structural features of disease, but the management of functional cardiac issues is more complex. No intervention convincingly reduces increased wall thickness in FRDA, but hypertrophy itself is not directly problematic in most situations, as wall thicknesses are not commonly large enough to cause outflow tract obstruction [19,21]. Diastolic dysfunction from hypertrophy can become apparent during times of volume overload or depletion, leading to a need for tight fluid management during anesthesia [18]. Treatment of systolic cardiac dysfunction (as walls become fibrotic) is limited to standard heart failure therapy (β blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, diuretics, and occasionally calcium channel blockers). Patients with end-stage heart failure should be considered for advanced heart failure therapies (AICD, LVAD, and transplantation) [19,22–25]. Arrhythmias, which are most commonly atrial or supraventricular, can be treated with rate control medications (b Blocker or calcium channel blocker), anti-arrhythmic agents, ablation, or device insertion (pacemaker, AICD) [4,26].
Pharmacological strategies to reduce anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in cancer patients
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Anna Stansfeld, Utsav Radia, Caitriona Goggin, Preethika Mahalingam, Charlotte Benson, Andrea Napolitano, Robin L Jones, Stuart D Rosen, Vasilios Karavasilis
It is important to arrange baseline cardiac imaging before the patient commences treatment, and as earlier discussed, to help identify any patients at additional risk of developing cardiotoxicity. Regular monitoring throughout treatment is recommended, as well as regular review of patients receiving anthracyclines for any sign and symptoms of cardiac failure or other pathology. For patients with a baseline LVEF < 50%, anthracyclines should be used with caution, and alternative chemotherapeutic agents considered [6]. If the use of anthracycline is unavoidable, it is recommended to repeat cardiac imaging between alternate cycles of treatment [36]. Early specialist cardiology review and assessment is recommended. The role of cardioprotective medications such as dexrazoxane will be further explored and can help to reduce the risk of drug-associated cardiotoxicity.
Diagnosis of coronary artery disease: potential complications of imaging techniques
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Evangelos Sdogkos, Andrew Xanthopoulos, Grigorios Giamouzis, John Skoularigis, Filippos Triposkiadis, Ioannis Vogiatzis
The diagnostic imaging techniques used in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) may be classified into two main categories, namely invasive and non-invasive, which are further divided into anatomical and functional. Potential complications of imaging techniques are few but detectable and can be acute, subacute or long-term, depending on the time of their appearance. Acute complications occur within minutes or hours, whereas long-term complications arise within months or years after the test. Complications of the intervening period may be characterised as subacute. Usual acute or subacute complications are those causally related to the test itself (mostly observed in invasive tests), allergic and toxic reactions to contrast agents, and arrhythmias induced by stressors, whereas the two most important long-term complications are contrast-induced nephropathy and malignancies due to radiation. The potential complications of the diagnostic cardiac imaging techniques, as well as their incidence, are presented in Table 1.