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Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC, or small cell lung cancer) is a malignant epithelial tumor characterized by the presence of round, oval, and spindle-shaped small cells with scant cytoplasm, extensive necrosis, high mitotic figures, and neuroendocrine morphology. Compared to other lung neuroendocrine tumors, that is, well-differentiated, Grade I typical carcinoid (TC; representing 2% of primary lung neoplasms), moderately-differentiated, Grade II atypical carcinoids (AC; 0.2%; see Chapter 14, Table 14.1), and poorly differentiated, Grade III large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC; 3%; see Chapter 11), SCLC is a poorly differentiated, Grade III tumor (20%) [1].
Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms
Published in Philip T. Cagle, Timothy C. Allen, Mary Beth Beasley, Diagnostic Pulmonary Pathology, 2008
The current WHO classification identifies five variants of large cell carcinoma. When none of these characteristics are identified, a diagnosis of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma may be made. Clear cell carcinoma shows tumors with clear cytoplasm and are negative for mucin stains. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma shows characteristic morphology with tumor cells arranged in an organoid fashion and reveals neuroendocrine immunohistochemical markers (see chap. 34). Basaloid carcinoma of the lung shows tumor cell nests with peripheral palisading of cells with increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, nuclear hyperchromasia, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma shows sheets of large cell with prominent nucleoli within a dense lymphocytic background. Large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype shows at least 10% of cells containing large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions composed of intermediate filaments (which may stain for vimentin or keratin).
Malignant Neoplasms of the Colon
Published in Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs, Lee E. Smith, Scott Thorn Barrows, Carla Gunn, Gregory Blew, David Ehlert, Craig Kiefer, Kim Martens, Neoplasms of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, 2007
The most recent report on neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum was by Bernick et al. (1090). They identified 38 patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas from a database comprising 6495 patients (0.6%). These endocrine carcinomas did not include carcinoids. Average patient age was 57 years—44.7% males and 55.3% females. Location of the carcinomas was as follows: 17 colon, 14 rectum, 6 anal canal, and 1 appendix. Pathology was reviewed and carcinomas were categorized as small cell carcinomas (n = 22) or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 16). Eighty percent stained positive by means of immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin, synaptophysin, and/or neuron-specific enolase. Metastatic disease was detected at the time of diagnosis in 69.4% of patients. As a group, these carcinomas had a poor prognosis with a mean survival of 10.4 months. One, two, and three year survival was 46%, 26%, and 13%, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival based on pathological subtypes. Median follow-up time was 9.4 months.
Clinical efficacy of thermal ablation for the treatment of pulmonary carcinoid tumor: a propensity-matched analysis
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Hao Yang, Mengqi Li, Tong Liu, Ling Luo
Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors include large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and pulmonary carcinoid (PC) [1,2]. PC tumors originate from the neuroendocrine cells of the bronchial mucosa and, based on mitotic count and necrosis, can be subdivided into typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoid (AC) tumors [3–5]. PC constitutes 20–25% of all neuroendocrine tumors and 1–2% of lung tumors [3–8], albeit with an increasing prevalence owing to the higher detection rates with improvements in diagnostic technology and preventive health [6–9]. However, PC is refractory to radiation and chemotherapy, and evidence-based immunotherapy in PC is lacking; thus, resection [7,10–13] to ensure complete tumor removal with maximal preservation of lung function [4,7,13] is the main treatment option for PC. For patients who cannot undergo resection due to various factors, such as greater age, serious cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, contraindications to anesthesia, and refusal to undergo surgery [14,15], an effective alternative treatment with trauma minimization is urgently required.
Immune checkpoint blockade in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer – predictors of response and impact of previous radiotherapy
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Åsa Kristina Öjlert, Daniel Nebdal, Marius Lund-Iversen, Renée Åstrøm Ellefsen, Odd Terje Brustugun, Jon Michael Gran, Ann Rita Halvorsen, Åslaug Helland
Patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1-inhibitors as ≥2 line therapy for stage IV NSCLC at Oslo University Hospital and Drammen hospital were included in the study between September 2013 and June 2019, and followed until October 2019. The evaluation was performed every 6–8 weeks. Clinical information, including details on any previous or concomitant radiotherapy, cause of death, and results on blood tests at the start of immunotherapy, was collected from the patient records. Where available, information on EGFR mutation status and ALK rearrangements was also collected from the patient records. Of 78 patients included 39 (50%) were female. The median age was 65 years. Forty-five patients (58%) had adenocarcinoma (AD), 29 (37%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 1 patient (1%) had large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and 3 patients (4%) had mixed histology. The majority of patients (78%) had ECOG performance status 0–1. Smoking status was known for 65 of the patients and these 8 were never-smokers. For further details on patient characteristics, see Table 1.
Current status of clinical proteogenomics in lung cancer
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Toshihide Nishimura, Haruhiko Nakamura, Ákos Végvári, György Marko-Varga, Naoki Furuya, Hisashi Saji
Lung cancer is characterized by multiple histologic types. The individual histologic type of lung cancer is derived from the original normal cells or tissues forming the respiratory organ. Epithelia of the tracheobronchial tree are anatomically formed by different groups of cells or tissues. Adenocarcinomas are thought to develop from cells in the distal bronchial epithelia, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli, including Clara cells and alveolar Type I or Type II pneumocytes [3]. Concerning adenocarcinoma subtypes, the 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors [4] defined pre-invasive and minimally-invasive adenocarcinoma lesions, in addition to nine invasive adenocarcinoma subtypes, according to predominant histologic features. Squamous cell carcinomas (SQCCs) are derived from cells in more proximal bronchial stratified epithelia, including basal cells and squamous metaplasia. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors include small-cell lung carcinoma, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and typical or atypical carcinoid. These neuroendocrine tumors may originate from rare bronchial neuroendocrine cells existing in bronchial epithelia. The origin of cells in large cell carcinoma, usually showing undifferentiated features, is unknown.