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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Carcinogenesis is the process by which the transformation of normal cells into cancer/tumor takes place. Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue due to the uncontrolled growth of cells. Tumor can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). The roles of genes involved include the inhibition of cellular proliferation, which encompasses the function of tumor suppressor genes, and positive signaling of migration and proliferation, which contains oncogenes’ function. In addition, other genes concerned involve these with roles in apoptosis control and DNA repair [4]. One of the most known models involved in carcinogenesis is the RAS gene activation. The activation mechanism of the RAS protooncogenes is normally via point mutations at either one or many activating positions within the sequence. The elevated expression of the RAS gene may lead to the transformation of normal cells, which induces the formation of tumors [5].
Salivary Gland Tumours
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Histological diagnosis can be difficult in SGC. A reclassification rate of up to 29% has been observed. Different histological subtypes are divided into low, intermediate, and high grades as a surrogate marker for biological behaviour (Box 10.1). However, a clear relationship between histological subtype, grading, and biological aggressiveness is often lacking. Furthermore, grading often has little therapeutic relevance, as most salivary gland cancers are treated similarly with surgery and post-operative radiotherapy. Treatment results for both major and minor salivary gland cancers are comparable, with 60–70% 5-year survival and 50–60% 10-year survival. Prognosis varies widely depending on patient, tumour, and treatment related factors.
Radiotherapy Physics
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
Andrea Wynn-Jones, Caroline Reddy, John Gittins, Philip Baker, Anna Mason, Greg Jolliffe
Surgery is often used to remove the bulk of the tumour if it is easily accessible and if the patient does not have any co-morbidities such as obesity or heart disease, which would make surgery too risky. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often used following surgery to treat remaining cancer cells and prevent microscopic spread. Medical and clinical oncologists can prescribe a variety of treatments depending on the type and stage of the tumour and considering the patient’s suitability for treatment. Precision, or personalised medicine, where knowledge of an individual’s genetic make-up is used to decide which treatment(s) would be most effective, is also becoming increasingly important.
The expression and mutation of BRCA1/2 genes in ovarian cancer: a global systematic study
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Dinh-Toi Chu, Mai Vu Ngoc Suong, Hue Vu Thi, Thuy-Duong Vu, Manh-Hung Nguyen, Vijai Singh
There are three types of OC corresponding to three types of cells developing tumors: epithelial tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor. Among them, epithelial cancer is the most prevalent type [1]. The symptoms of OC are not apparent when being diagnosed at an early stage. However, when the tumor becomes malignant, some symptoms can be noticeable, including pain or swelling in the abdomen or pelvic area, appetite loss, and gastrointestinal issues, bloating, or constipation [5]. Among several factors raising the risk of OC in women, family history and genetic syndrome are the most common risk factors of OC [6] since over 20% of ovarian tumors are associated with genetic mutations [7]. Other factors related to OC include herbicides, pesticides, talc, smoking, ovarian stimulation therapy, hormone replacement therapy, menopause, and oral contraceptives [8]. Like other types of cancer, ovarian tumors can be removed by surgery, but it is only effective when cancer is benign [9]. When it reaches a higher level of malignancy, chemotherapy is recommended [10]. Recently, the role of stem cells in the success of OC treatment has been discovered, as OC stem cells affect such disease manifestations, progression, recurrence, and treatment output [11].
Unblinding the watchmaker: cancer treatment and drug design in the face of evolutionary pressure
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Sophia Konig, Hannah Strobel, Michael Grunert, Marcin Lyszkiewicz, Oliver Brühl, Georg Karpel-Massler, Natalia Ziętara, Katia La Ferla-Brühl, Markus D. Siegelin, Klaus-Michael Debatin, Mike-Andrew Westhoff
Resistance to treatment can be acquired or preexistent. Generally, one looks at resistance mechanisms in the context of additional mutations acquired by the cancer cells during selection (Figure 2). When not due to mutations, acquired resistance can be epigenetic, in which case it can often be reversed after cessation of treatment and can also occur in tumor-associated cells, i.e. cells which do not have an altered genetic make-up, but exhibit an aberrant expression pattern due to their proximity to the mutated tumor cells [30]. However, it should be pointed out that the tumor can also be indifferent to the therapy to begin with; in other words, it can be intrinsically resistant. This can occur when the entire tumor is resistant – perhaps the driver mutations or mutations early on in the tumor formation caused it – or parts of it are resistant. If some of the tumor cells are already resistant, either the overall tumor appearance remains relatively unchanged upon treatment and cells continue to proliferate, or, if only minor subpopulations are resistant, the therapy appears to be effective, with undetected persisting cells remaining unharmed which can grow into a recurrence [66]. These preexisting resistant subclones, might have arisen purely due to stochastic events or due to selection pressure, either increasing steadily over time or in a few abrupt bursts [67,68].
The Effect of Nutritional Support on the Disease Progression and Survival in Pediatric Patients with Solid Tumors
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Nora Gallo, Krisztina Czuppon, Erika Tomsits, Miklos Garami, Peter Hauser, Zsuzsanna Jakab, Krisztina Nagy, Gabor T. Kovacs
The incidence of the different types of solid tumors can be seen in Table 1. By high risk tumor we mean those specific tumor types which require aggressive treatment protocols (based on clinical and histopathological findings, classified by pediatric oncologists). The study period was divided into two three-year periods: Period 1 before the nutrition support team (2009–2011) and Period 2 after starting intensified nutrition support (2012–2014). It is important to mention that we have selected this type of oncological patient group particularly since there was no change in the treatment protocol - except for the intensified nutrition therapy provided by our NST - during these years. The proportion of the different tumor types was similar in the two periods as it can be seen in Table 1. Each tumor type was treated (surgery, chemo-, and radiation therapy) according to its standard medical protocols.