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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Carcinogenesis is the process by which the transformation of normal cells into cancer/tumor takes place. Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue due to the uncontrolled growth of cells. Tumor can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). The roles of genes involved include the inhibition of cellular proliferation, which encompasses the function of tumor suppressor genes, and positive signaling of migration and proliferation, which contains oncogenes’ function. In addition, other genes concerned involve these with roles in apoptosis control and DNA repair [4]. One of the most known models involved in carcinogenesis is the RAS gene activation. The activation mechanism of the RAS protooncogenes is normally via point mutations at either one or many activating positions within the sequence. The elevated expression of the RAS gene may lead to the transformation of normal cells, which induces the formation of tumors [5].
Breast Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning and Its Classification
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Ashish Kumar, Ruchir Ahluwalia
Cancerous tumors have the property of being malignant; that is, they can invade and attack nearby and surrounding tissues. Over the period when they grow, they can even break off and travel to a distant body part and attack that part of the body as well. They transmit through the blood or lymph system [3]. However, benign tumors do not have the ability to spread and attack nearby tissues – even though they can get quite big. These types of cancer aren’t life-threatening, except for the formation of benign tumors in the brain, which are life-threatening. Generally, benign tumors do not grow back upon removal [4] (Figure 4.1).
Mammography and Interventional Breast Procedures
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Phyllodes tumor is an uncommon benign tumor with both epithelial and mesenchymal elements similar to fibroadenoma, with more cellular elements in the stroma. The most common clinical presentation is a large, rapidly growing mass. Although usually benign, the tumor can recur if not completely excised. Malignant degeneration can occur in 5% to 10% of cases. On mammography, most phyllodes are smooth-bordered, round, oval, or multilobulated circumscribed noncalcified masses (Fig. 21) [37]. When they are small, the appearance is identical to fibroadenoma.
Does Unplanned Soft Tissue Sarcoma Surgery Have a Negative Effect on Prognosis?
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Patients with soft tissue masses may present with complaints such as pain, swelling, sensitivity, rash, limitations in movement, and weight loss [3, 4]. The characteristic of the tumor is determined after the anamnesis of the patient is taken, a physical examination is carried out, and imaging methods (radiography, computerised tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and biopsy (open, closed) are performed [5]. If the tumor is benign, surgery may be performed at this stage. If the mass is malignant, the patient is assessed using a multidisciplinary approach (surgical orthopedic oncologist, radiation oncologist, medical oncologist, radiologist, pathologist) and medical therapy (neoadjuvant-adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy) protocol is established where indicated. Surgical therapy should be planned at the last stage. Ignoring any one of these steps can result in an inappropriate surgical candidate [6].
Conjunctival and Corneal Fibrous Histiocytoma: Brief review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
The presentation of the benign variety of these tumors depends on the location of the tumor and may include decreased vision, pain, restricted eye movements, diplopia, and disc swelling. The patients often present with the history of a painless mass growing in the limbal region. The average age of presentation of the tumors reported in literature is between 25–35 years (mean- 30.9 years), with male preponderance. (Females-10; Males-17). On clinical examination the typical picture is of a well-defined yellowish-white mass, most commonly presenting at the limbus which adjacent vascularization. The malignant variety of FH characteristically appear beyond 50 years of age, with no gender predilection.4,6–39 Conjunctival FH have shown an association with trauma, leukemia, chemotherapy, prednisone therapy, radiation, rheumatoid arthritis and xeroderma pigmentosum, while SLE (systemic lupus erythematous) and multiple dermatofibromas have been shown to be associated with extraocular FH.8
A giant left atrial myxoma causing mitral valve pseudostenosis – a mimicker
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Basel Abdelazeem, Hafiz Khan, Hameem Changezi, Ahmad Munir
CM is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.5 per one million annually [1]. Although it is a benign tumor, it can result in potentially life-threatening conditions. A detailed history and physical examination are crucial for early diagnosis. Cardiovascular symptoms, including chest pain, syncope, dyspnea, and angina, are the most common features in around 67% of the patients, out of which 28% can present with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) [4]. Constitutional symptoms, including fever, malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia, are the second most common presentation in around 34%, while the embolic symptoms constitute up to 29% of the patients. Left-sided CM embolizes systemically to cerebral circulation (most common site, up to 30–40% of the patients), kidneys, and lower extremities, while the right-sided CM embolization occurs to pulmonary circulation [5,6]. In an asymptomatic patient, CM can be an incidental finding on imaging.