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Inference on Proportions
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Going back to our original example, consider five-year survival among patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. The mean proportion of individuals surviving five years is and the standard deviation is [232]. If we select a random sample of 100 patients from this population, what is the probability that at least 30% of them survive five years? Before we apply the central limit theorem, we first verify that np and are both greater than 5. Since and , we assume that the distribution of sample proportions is approximately normal with mean and standard error . Therefore,
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Published in Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield, The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield
Lung cancer presents in a number of ways. The commonest presentation is an unresolving cough in a smoker, but it may be detected on routine chest X-ray in a patient without symptoms. Smoking is the major risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Lung cancers are subcategorised as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. This differentiation is important, as it has implications regarding the prognosis, staging and treatment of the cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is farther subdivided, and the commonest forms are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. TNM staging is used for nonsmall cell cancer, and the treatment of choice for low-grade disease is surgical excision. Curative radiotherapy is an alternative. Small cell lung cancer is staged as limited or extensive disease. The disease carries a poor prognosis, but may be responsive to chemotherapy.
Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds For Cancer Diagnosis
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Abigail V. Rutter, Josep Sulé-Suso
Once a tumor has been diagnosed, it is important in some cases to identify the subtype of cancer, as the management could be different for different cancer subtypes. An example is lung cancer. Table 3.1 shows a modified WHO classification of the different types of lung tumors. While non-small cell lung cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies or a combination of these, surgery is not indicated for small cell lung cancer unless for diagnostic purposes. It is difficult to say whether breath analysis will be able in the future to sub-classify the different subtypes of cancer or just a few subtypes. This is also important when dealing with metastatic tumors from an unknown origin. Breath analysis might be a valuable tool for clinicians in the future to help them to identify the source of some metastatic tumors so a quicker and more patient-tailored treatment can be established.
Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhenchao Ma, Pengtang Song, Dongxiang Ji, Mingjia Zheng, Guoqing Qiu, Zhicong Liu, Bin Wang
According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 238 healthy subjects and 289 patients were included in our study (Figure 1). In lung cancer patients A group, the mean age of the patients was 66.819 ± 0.655 years (matched to the control group). According to pathological examinations, 154 and 51 patients were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, respectively. Additionally, 179 patients were positive for lymph node metastasis, and 81 patients were classified into stages I + II + III based on the TNM staging system. In lung cancer patients B group, the mean age of the patients was 65.77 ± 0.181 years (matched to the control group). All patients were classified into stages 0 carcinoma in situ. Of the 238 healthy subjects, 55 were female and 183 were male, with a mean age of 65.09 ± 0.700 years. The clinical characteristics of the patients and healthy individuals are summarized in Table 1.
Diagnostic value of lncRNA HOTAIR as a biomarker for detecting and staging of non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Xin Yao, Teng Wang, Meng Yang Sun, Yang Yuming, Duan Guixin, Jing Liu
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide with a high incidence and mortality, and has been become gradually more frequent in recent years due to the decline of air quality, and the younger generation of smokers (Ferlay et al.2015); and reached 1.82 million worldwide in 2019 (Puglisi et al.2010). According to its pathological classification, lung cancer can be divided into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Among them, non-small cell lung cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer accounting for about 20% (Chheang and Brown 2013). The disease is usually diagnosed through medical imaging, cytology and other related tests, but the above methods have certain limitations (Amaral et al.2008). In addition, there are no typical symptoms in the early stage of the disease for medical staff to judge. Most patients are typically diagnosed when the lung cancer is in the middle and late stages, which surgical resection is suitable (Vansteenkiste et al.2013). Therefore, finding high accurate tumour markers for early diagnosis and initial staging of lung cancer is critical, which needs further research on the pathogenesis of lung cancer (Roointan et al.2019).
Line of therapy and patient preferences regarding lung cancer treatment: a discrete-choice experiment
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Sarah Janse, Ellen Janssen, Tanya Huwig, Upal Basu Roy, Andrea Ferris, Carolyn J. Presley, John F. P. Bridges
New treatment options have become available for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in recent years with the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Since 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved several new drugs for the treatment of NSCLC, the most frequent histological subtype of lung cancer. However, the side effects and toxicities of these treatments can be significant. With the appearance of new treatment options for lung cancer, the complexity of treatment decisions for people living with lung cancer has increased. Preference research finds that patients with lung cancer are willing to endure prolonged treatment in exchange for longer survival6,7 and that experiences concerning physical, psychological and organizational areas can affect preferences8. Lung cancer is at the forefront of precision medicine with biomarker-driven care becoming the mainstay for treatment of patients with advanced-stage disease. Patients with lung cancer with targetable driver mutations such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)9 or Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)10 have multiple treatment options available and are living longer with targeted oral treatments.