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Acinetobacter Infections — Overview of Clinical Features
Published in E. Bergogne-Bénézin, M.L. Joly-Guillou, K.J. Towner, Acinetobacter, 2020
Itzchak Levi, Ethan Rubinstein
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter is relatively rare. Sporadic cases have been reported from the U.S. (Goodhart et al., 1977), Papua, New Guinea (Barnes et al., 1988) and Australia (Anstey et al., 1992). Interestingly, such pneumonias are fulminant and carry a high mortality rate. Chronic pulmonary disease (CPD), diabetes mellitus, and tobacco and alcohol consumption appear to be major predisposing factors. A few cases have also been reported in persons without underlying disease. Rarely, community-acquired pneumonias caused by Acinetobacter occur in clusters, one example of which was in foundry workers who had been exposed to unacceptably high levels of total particulates, free silica and metallic dust (Cordes et al., 1981). Two of the three cases occurred in workers who had documented mixed dust pneumoconiosis.
Familial Aggregation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Bernice H. Cohen, Gary A. Chase
A number of investigators have indicated the presence of familial aggregation in chronic pulmonary disease, some studies specifically relating to emphysema or chronic bronchitis, others for the broad general category of lung disease termed COPD. Many of the studies as well as the hypotheses and overviews presented have their limitations and biases. Some of the published literature on the familial occurrence of COPD have depended on clinical impression, such as appeared in the early medical treatises and textbooks [68]. Some constitute reports of single kindreds or collections of pedigrees ascertained in an unknown or unsystematic manner [83,85,86,90,96], Problems are particularly apparent with respect to the methodology of many of the studies. There are questions regarding the sampling procedures; selectivity, representativeness, or adequacy of controls; the effect of assortative mating and the use of spouses as comparison subjects [77]; inconsistencies in data collection; inadequate definition of diagnostic criteria and/or lack of validity of information. In addition, the role of alpha1-antitrypsin variation has dominated the literature on genetic factors in COPD since the mid 1960s. Nevertheless, the weight of evidence supported by recent studies, including case-control kindred studies, suggests that the familial aggregation observed in COPD cannot be entirely explained by technical problems or by alpha1-antitrypsin variation [2527,77].
Gastroenterology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Morbidity and early mortality are usually secondary to chronic pulmonary disease. Today many people with CF are living into their late 30s and beyond. It is estimated that about 8 in 10 of today’s children with CF should live into their mid 40s or 50s. If a patient has a less severe genetic mutation with relatively good pancreatic function (hence less steatorrhoea and a better nutritional state), presentation is later and prognosis better.
Interferon-α2b induced anemia in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a single centered, retrospective study
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Xina Li, Tong Liu, Xin Hai, Le Li
The mean age was 63.0 (23–87) years, 32 (64.0%) patients were older than 60 years, and 28 (56.0%) patients were male. Thirty (60.0%) patients had comorbidities, including hypertension (32.0%), chronic heart disease (10.0%), and diabetes (8.0%). Seven (14%) patients had the chronic pulmonary disease and 15 (30%) patients had two or more comorbidities. In terms of clinical symptoms, cough (56.0%), fever (50.0%), and fatigue (32.0%) were the most common clinical symptoms. Twelve (24%) patients had dyspnea. Duration from the onset of symptoms to the transfer to the designated hospital was 11.5 (5.2–14.8) days. No significant difference was found in age, gender, comorbidity, and clinical symptoms between the two groups. In addition, there was no statistical difference in nutritional status (NRS 2002 score), disease severity (APACHE II score), and related complications of the patients between the two groups. Furthermore, no difference was found in clinical outcomes and duration of viral shedding, which suggested that IFN-α2b may have a great influence on anemia (Table 1).
Pre-existing COPD is associated with an increased risk of mortality and severity in COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Golam Rabbani, Sheikh Mohammad Shariful Islam, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Nuhu Amin, Bushra Marzan, Rishad Choudhury Robin, Sheikh M. Alif
The selected studies reported either COPD or chronic pulmonary disease or chronic respiratory disease as a comorbidity of COVID-19 patients. We included those terms and defined as pre-existing COPD. COPD mortality was defined as the deaths of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing COPD. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), clinical management of COVID-19 guideline, severity was defined as patients 1) who had clinical signs of severe pneumonia with respiratory rate >30 breaths/min or pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) <90 on room air, and 2) those with critical illness defined as patients who had respiratory failure and received mechanical ventilation or in shock or combined with a failure of other organs and received care in the intensive care unit (ICU) [20]. In this review, severe COVID-19 with pre-existing COPD was defined as COVID-19 patients who had above criteria 1 and 2 of the disease severity along with pre-existing COPD.
Risk factors of mortality and contribution of treatment in patients infected with COVID-19: a retrospective propensity score matched study
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Yu Wang, Xin Yan, Chenglong Huang, Yan Sun, Chunlin Yao, Yun Lin, Weimin Xiao
Of 317 COVID-19 patients, 269 patients were discharged and 48 died. 169 (53.3%) were male, and 148 (46.7%) were female. 94 (29.7%) patients were beyond 65-years-old. The median age (years) in the dead group was significantly older than that in the survival group (66, P25–P75: 61–71 vs. 57, P25–P75: 47–66 years, p < .001). Higher proportions of male patients (50.9%) and elders (52.1%) were in the dead group (p < .001). 46.4% of patients reported chronic medical histories and more dead patients had the chronic pulmonary disease (16.7% vs. 5.6%, p = .006). Fever was the most common onset of symptoms in both groups (beyond 80%). More patients in the dead group had coughing and sputum (79.2% vs. 62.5%, p = .025), and shortness of breath (62.5% vs. 43.1%, p = .013) compared with survivors. Detailed information for demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 was shown in Table 1.