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A Critical Evaluation of the IQ-Achievement Discrepancy Based Definition of Dyslexia
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
The debate over the validity of the IQ score, is one of the most contentious issues in the history of psychology. According to Cyril Burt (1968), the word “intelligence”, originally from Latin, was revived by Francis Galton and Herbert Spencer in the mid-nineteenth century as a scientific term meaning: “innate, general cognitive capacity”, that is, innate, meaning inherited and not acquired through experience and capacity, meaning ability. To appreciate the nature of the IQ debate, it is necessary to briefly trace the origins of the intelligence tests. Historically, the first IQ test was developed by Binet (1903) as a group of puzzles and tasks to rank order children for the purposes of identifying “subnormal” schoolchildren in need of special education. The Binet IQ test was imported into the United States by Goddard (1908) and later Terman (1916) who published the Stanford revision of the Binet Intelligence Test, now known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Thus the field of intelligence testing was born, finding its use in education, military, industrial and commercial applications.
Macrocytosis: a peripheral marker for dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome?
Published in Vee P. Prasher, Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2018
Support for an association between DS and macrocytosis was provided by Hewitt and colleagues36 when they confirmed the finding by Eastham and Jancar34,35 of an association between macrocytosis and DS. Hewitt and colleagues36 recruited 23 hospital patients with DS aged 50 years or over. Not only was the average MCV for the group above that for the general population (mean, 95.4 fl; upper limit, 96 fl), but for 11 individuals their MCV result was above the upper limit of the range for the general population. The authors also investigated the hypothesis proposed by Eastham and Jancar35 that macrocytosis is a measure of accelerated ageing. The mental age of the subjects was assessed on several occasions using the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale.37 Repeat assessments allowed deterioration in mental function to be monitored. For nine of the patients who showed evidence of intellectual deterioration, their MCV measurement was higher than the mean MCV for the sample as a whole. Only two patients with no evidence of mental deterioration had raised MCV values. Eastham and Jancar34,35 therefore found a significant association between intellectual decline and macrocytosis, but as they did not assess the presence of DAD, no link between macrocytosis and DAD could be made.
Annexes
Published in Claude Leray, Dietary Lipids for Healthy Brain Function, 2017
This test was created by D. Wechsler for children aged 6–17 years; it has been also adapted for adults. The most used version is that of 1996. It is the most-used psychometric test in the world and is used even for kids in major difficulties. It comprises two groups of questions in two general areas: verbal scales and performance scales. Verbal scales measure general knowledge, language, reasoning, and memory capabilities. Performance scales measure the abilities to solve orientation problems in space and analysis. This scale seems to offer certain advantages over the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities and also the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales.
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Function in Adults with Spina Bifida
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Sarika Sachdeva, Michaela Z. Kolarova, Bronwen E. Foreman, Samantha J. Kaplan, Joan M. Jasien
12 of the 24 studies analyzed in this review included IQ cutoffs in inclusion or exclusion criteria. 11 of these 12 studies excluded patients with scores of less than 70 on Full Scale IQ, VIQ, and/or PIQ. The IQ scales utilized included the WAIS-R, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, and the National Adult Reading Test. The high proportion of studies that exclude patients with lower IQ scores could skew the results of this review in favor of high-functioning adults with SBM. These exclusions also suggest that there is a lack of data in the population of adults with SBM who have more severe cognitive deficits. Another limitation involves the use of identical or overlapping patient populations in multiple studies. Barnes, Dennis, & Hetherington (2004), Dennis & Barnes (2002), and Hetherington et al. (2006) used the same population of 31 young adults. Jenkinson et al. (2009), Jenkinson et al. (2011), and Ellenbogen et al. (2013) conducted studies with the same population of 21 adults. Finally, Stubberud (2014), Stubberud (2013), and Stubberud (2017) utilized the same populations. Because of this decreased variability, the sample may not be representative of the general population of adults with SB.
Roozbeh adult autism spectrum disorder clinic: lessons learned from first 34 cases
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Javad Alaghband-rad, Samira Jamaloo, Mahtab Motamed
Intellectual disability was another common comorbidity in patients. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was assessed in 28 patients with Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Nine patients had low IQ (lower than 70), nine patients had borderline IQ (70-85) while 10 had IQ above 85. Among those with low IQ, seven patients had mild (IQ: 50-70) and two had moderate (IQ:30-50) intellectual disability.