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Prenatal Diagnosis and Screening for Aneuploidy
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Sarah Harris, Angie Jelin, Neeta Vora
Occasional breast enlargement, lack of facial and body hair, and a female-type body configuration. Small testes. Taller than others in their family. Delayed speech occurs in >50%. Poor gross motor coordination is present in ∼27%. School difficulties are relatively common, and many boys with 47,XXY need assistance at school. Many are shy and somewhat passive and easy babies to care for. The average IQ is 90, with verbal IQ higher than performance IQ. XXY boys enter puberty normally, without any delay of physical maturity. But as puberty progresses, they fail to keep pace with other males. Most XXY boys benefit from receiving an injection of testosterone every 2 weeks, beginning at puberty.
Perinatal and Pediatric Outcome of Pregnancies Following PGT-M/SR/A
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Malou Heijligers, Christine de Die-Smulders
Cognitive development can be assessed by measuring a subject's intelligence quotient (IQ) by administering, for instance, the Kauffman Assessment Battery for Children or the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence [63,64]. Several study groups measured the IQ of children of different ages [9,18,20–23,65–68]. None observed abnormal mean IQ scores and some even reported mean scores for children born following PGT that were slightly above the population average. This may be due to the higher education level of couples opting for PGT, a finding which is in line with reports on the mean education level of couples opting for ART. Additional data on working memory capacity of children born following PGT showed promising results [9]. This is of importance for future perspectives because working memory is a predictive tool for future cognitive and socio-emotional development and academic success [9]. Overall, PGT does not seem to contribute to adverse cognitive developmental outcomes.
A Critical Evaluation of the IQ-Achievement Discrepancy Based Definition of Dyslexia
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
There are also difficulties with IQ tests in terms of the actual content of the tests. The existing IQ tests rely on specific factual knowledge rather than abstract thinking or problem solving. For example, one of us (Siegel, 1989) has outlined a number of difficulties using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R, Wechsler 1974) as a valid measure of intelligence. The WISC-R is not reflective of problem solving skills, but measures factual knowledge, short-term memory, vocabulary, expressive language skills, fine motor coordination, attention, and concentration.
Investigating the effects of age, IQ, dosing, and anthropometric measures on the treatment persistence in long-term methylphenidate use
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Mustafa Tuncturk, Cagatay Ermis, Dicle Buyuktaskin, Eren Halac, Ekin Sut, Oben Ozkan, Nazan Gundogan, Guldal Unutmaz, R. Ogulcan Ciray, Serkan Turan, Aynur Akay Pekcanlar
Heights were recorded by Harpenden stadiometer to the nearest 1 mm and weights by a calibrated electronic scale to the nearest 10 g with measurements taken without shoes and only with underwear. The demographic data, full-scale IQ, anthropometric data, mean dose of MPH (mg/day), and the severity of ADHD were obtained from patients’ records. The IQ was routinely measured by the full-scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) [33]. The Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) – teachers form was reported to measure symptom severity based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria [34]. The scale consists of 41 items, including nine for inattention, nine for hyperactivity-impulsivity, eight for opposition-defiance, and 15 for conduct disorder. Each item is scored on a 4 point Likert-type scale (0 = not at all, 1 = just a little, 2 = quite a bit, and 3 = very much). Scores ≥2 have been counted as they are over the clinical threshold. The scale is valid and reliable in the Turkish population [35]. Also, anthropometric data, including weight, height, and BMI measured in the first and the last visit, was converted into z-scores using national guidelines for males and females, as appropriate [36].
Vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behavioral therapy or cognitive remediation for individuals with schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Oda Skancke Gjerdalen, June Ullevoldsaeter Lystad, Helen Bull, Petter Andreas Ringen, Jan Ivar Røssberg, Egil W. Martinsen, Torill Ueland, Erik Falkum, Stig Evensen
It is well established that schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive impairment as a core feature [34,35]. One of the main findings of this study is that IQ is a predictor for competitive employment. This is in line with previous studies of schizophrenia having consistently found that cognitive function predicts social and clinical outcomes, including occupational function [36–38]. General cognitive ability, has been shown to be a more sensitive and reliable predictor of functional outcome than measures of specific ability [36]. In addition, a better global function in terms of higher GAF score for symptoms was a predictor of competitive employment. Although not surprising, this is an important finding in identifying who may benefit from VR in achieving competitive employment. This further underlines the importance of defining employment as an essential treatment goal, in particular when global functioning is high and for individuals experiencing their first psychotic episode. Although the importance of employment as a treatment goal has increased, some clinicians still hold negative attitudes toward competitive employment as a realistic goal for individuals with schizophrenia [39]. Findings from the current study indicate the importance of integrating VR at an early point in treatment, particularly if global functioning is relatively high, as this may help prevent functional decline.
The Potential and Effects of Equine-Assisted Activities in a Day Care Center for Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disorders
Published in Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 2023
Only the item of self-esteem represents the amount of change in the actual score, while all other items are quotients. It is the same as the IQ score, and 100 is the average. If the score is maintained even when one gets older, the quotient will be lower. In other words, the same quotient can be kept at the average rate of development. If the amount of change is zero, it indicates that the quotient of each item of socialization can be maintained from the time of the previous inspection; that is, it is increasing to reach the average level. If it is a positive value, this means that the quotient of each item of socialization is increasing; that is, it is developing at an above average speed. In the bottom image in Figure 4, the quotient takes a positive value or a negative value and is not constant. However, in the top image in Figure 4, the items with a positive value quotient are constant after four months. Thus, it seems appropriate to judge growth at the four-month mark. It is also important to remember that beyond four months, social skills (especially occupational and self-direction skills) can improve significantly faster.