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Perinatal and Pediatric Outcome of Pregnancies Following PGT-M/SR/A
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Malou Heijligers, Christine de Die-Smulders
Cognitive development can be assessed by measuring a subject's intelligence quotient (IQ) by administering, for instance, the Kauffman Assessment Battery for Children or the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence [63,64]. Several study groups measured the IQ of children of different ages [9,18,20–23,65–68]. None observed abnormal mean IQ scores and some even reported mean scores for children born following PGT that were slightly above the population average. This may be due to the higher education level of couples opting for PGT, a finding which is in line with reports on the mean education level of couples opting for ART. Additional data on working memory capacity of children born following PGT showed promising results [9]. This is of importance for future perspectives because working memory is a predictive tool for future cognitive and socio-emotional development and academic success [9]. Overall, PGT does not seem to contribute to adverse cognitive developmental outcomes.
Deficient Phonological Processing in Disabled Readers Implicates Processing Deficits Beyond the Phonological Module
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
The phonological specificity of these findings is neatly accommodated within Baddeley’s (1990;1992) model of working memory. According to Baddeley, working memory consists of a central executive which supervises and coordinates a number of subsidiary slave systems, one of which, the “phonological loop”, is responsible for the processing of speech-based material. The available evidence clearly localizes poor readers’ difficulties in the phonological loop subsystem. This system is itself assumed to comprise two components; a phonological store capable of holding speech-based information for about one and a half to two seconds, and an articulatory control process which can maintain/recycle information in the phonological store via subvocal rehearsal. The articulatory control process is also equipped to convert visual information such as numerals, letters and nameable objects into a phonological code and register it in the phonological store.
Memory
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Many experiments and researchers proved that STM is not a fixed storage place, but rather a mechanism for processing items or information. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that the concept of the STM should be replaced with working memory. The working memory system consists of three components: central executive: proposed as the control system of the model, responsible for strategy selection, planning, monitoring task performance and coordinating the other two components of the working memoryphonological loop: responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech-based information within the working memoryvisuospatial sketchpad: responsible for the generation, manipulation and retention of visual images.
Nutrient effects on working memory across the adult lifespan
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Selene Cansino, Frine Torres-Trejo, Cinthya Estrada-Manilla, Adriana Flores-Mendoza, Gerardo Ramírez-Pérez, Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
For this reason, it is crucial to search for factors that could benefit or impair the course of working memory decline across the adult lifespan. Nutrient intake has been identified as a potential factor because of its direct influence on brain function [4]. However, studies that have examined the effects of nutrients on brain function and consequently on cognitive function have mainly focused on determining their influence on general cognition in healthy adults [5] or in patients with mild cognitive impairment [6,7]. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials that included healthy middle-aged and older adults found no effect of omega 3, B vitamins or E vitamins on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores after at least 3 months of supplementation [8]. The lack of effects could be attributed to cognition as a whole not declining with advancing age; only specific domains are vulnerable to the effects of age, such as memory, and within this domain, only certain types of memory, particularly episodic memory and working memory, are affected [9].
Relationship Between Dual-Task Walking and Level of Conflict Between Gait and Concurrent Tasks in Adolescents
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Eda Cinar, Bradford J. McFadyen, Isabelle Gagnon
In this study, we aimed to explicitly determine the role of resource conflict in DT effects occurring between gait and concurrent tasks. To do this, we used three different versions of a working memory task (n-back task) because of its relevance to DT performance in daily activities. Working memory is defined as a cognitive mechanism where information is temporarily stored and manipulated under attentional control in an active state for use in ongoing tasks (Furley & Memmert, 2010; Luxton et al., 2014). Children in daily life perform various working memory tasks while walking (e.g., remembering a shopping list or performing an arithmetic task). Thus, to mimic real life conditions, we used three versions of an n-back task, namely a visual-manual n-back, a visual-vocal n-back and an auditory-vocal n-back, which were equivalent in terms of resource demand and where we controlled the baseline accuracy at the individual level.
The effect of sentence length on question comprehension in children with cochlear implants
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Zara Waldman DeLuca, Richard G. Schwartz, Klara Marton, Derek M. Houston, Elizabeth Ying, Susan Steinman, Georgia Drakopoulou
Schouwenaars et al. (2019) also conducted forward and backward digit span tasks to examine correlations between short-term memory (STM) performance and wh-question comprehension. They found a correlation between scores on backwards digit span and mean accuracy scores in object which question comprehension. This correlation suggests a link between STM abilities and wh-question comprehension in children with CI. However, this link could not be established when correlating nonword repetition scores and wh-question comprehension in children with HL (Penke and Wimmer, 2018). Short-term memory tasks, like digit span and nonword repetition, may only identify issues with storage of items in memory and may not adequately reflect how memory is used in language processing. Working memory is likely more reflected in tasks where items are simultaneously stored, processed, and integrated with other information (Kyllonen and Christal, 1990; Conway et al., 2002; Cowan, 2008).