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Integrative Synchronization Mechanisms and Models in the Cognitive Neurosciences
Published in Harald Maurer, Cognitive Science, 2021
Starting from the electrical activity of a neuron (an "action potential", or in simple terms, "spike") (see chap. 3.2.1), or a sequence of action potentials ("(neuronal) spike train"), one of the fundamental questions in cognitive neuroscience is that of "neuronal coding"243: Which "(neuronal) code" should be used to represent and transform the neuronal information in the neuronal system? This includes the associated mathematical analysis within the framework of "theoretical and computational neuroscience" (Dayan and Abbott 2001, Rieke et al. 1997, Gerstner and Kistler 2002), e.g. statistical, probabilistic and stochastic methods (Brown et al. 2004, Abeles 1994, Rieke et al. 1997). There is an ongoing debate244 in the neurosciences about which methodical coding scheme is preferable. The discussion initially focused on the traditional scheme, under which the relevant information is contained in the mean fire rate of a neuron. In the last two decades, however, mounting empirical evidence seems to suggest that precise temporal correlations between neuron impulses, and stimulus-dependent synchronizations of the activity of neuronal populations also contribute to neuronal information being adequately structured or encoded. The different schemes and strategies of neuronal coding will be discussed here.
Wisdom
Published in Antonella Sansone, Cultivating Mindfulness to Raise Children Who Thrive, 2020
Accepting the changing reality of things, even of our moods and mind states, of our physiology, like the dramatic changes induced by pregnancy and birthing, makes us see their meanings and enjoy things more. It is key to well-being and mental health. One major motive for suicide is the illusion/delusion that the depressive state will never change (hopelessness). Understanding the feeling of interconnection as a key to well-being is very important. This tenet of primal wisdom is supported by neuroscience, showing that the brain is a social organ changing its processes or structure in response to lived experience (experience-dependent neuroplasticity) (e.g. Siegel, 2010). The more connected we are with entities, and the more expanded our self, the richer and more resilient we become. We have more resources to rely on in challenging moments. Thus, we can change our brain, mind and body through our consciousness, which is also an important tenet of mindfulness. But this requires continued practice.
Meningioma and the brain
Published in Alex Jelly, Adel Helmy, Barbara A. Wilson, Life After a Rare Brain Tumour and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome, 2019
The human brain is the most complex structure in the known universe: understanding this organ is the challenge that faces modern neuroscience. The brain controls every aspect of our bodily function, from movements to our senses and to our sense of identity. This diversity means that abnormalities that affect the brain, like brain tumours, can present in many different ways depending on which parts of the brain they affect.
From embodiment to emplacement: Toward understanding occupation as body-mind-environment
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2023
Antoine Bailliard, Susan Agostine, Stephanie Bristol, Ya-Cing Syu
Early cognitive science conceived human cognition in terms of symbol manipulation and processing (Meteyard et al., 2012). According to this paradigm, sensory input from the external environment is registered and then transformed, or transduced, into a symbol to build up an internal mental model of the external world. In this view, sensory signals become symbols for subsequent cognitive manipulation. Although many scholars continue to ascribe to this view, research using neural imaging has increasingly challenged this conceptualization in favor of highlighting the central role of the body in cognition. Contemporary mainstream cognitive psychology and neuroscience has all but embraced the notion that the body plays an important role in cognitive processes; however, there remains intense debate regarding the extent to which the body is involved. For example, Meteyard et al. (2012) analyzed various theories in cognitive psychology to determine the extent to which they incorporated the body into their respective cognitive models. They placed these theories on a ‘continuum of embodiment’ with theories of cognition that are ‘completely unembodied’ on one end and theories of cognition that are ‘fully embodied’ on the other end.
A new outlier detection method based on convex optimization: application to diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Pakize Taylan, Fatma Yerlikaya-Özkurt, Burcu Bilgiç Uçak, Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber
Neuroscience [18] consists of a combination of different disciplines that work together cooperatively, for understanding of the structure and function of the normal and abnormal brain. It has a wide range of research, from the molecular biology of nerve cells to the biological basis of normal and disordered behavior, emotion, and cognition, and today, it is one of the most rapidly growing areas of science. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson, Alzheimer and epilepsy, are research areas of Neuroscience, affecting deeply the lives of patients and their families. Nowadays, optimization and statistical learning techniques are used to solve problems in many fields of research area [14,32]. Therefore, in our study, we will try to contribute to Neuroscience with statistical regression and convex optimization methods by considering dataset related to Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s and affects millions of people around the world adversely. All studies to date suggest that age is the single most important risk factor for the origin of this disease which increases steeply after the age of 50 [8]. However, medication and surgical intervention can hold back the progression of the disease and alleviate some of the symptoms, for which there is no available cure [40,41]. Thus, early diagnosis is very important in order to improve the patient’s quality of life and to prolong it [21].
Comparing higher and lower weekly treatment intensity for chronic aphasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
John E. Pierce, Robyn O’Halloran, Maya Menahemi-Falkov, Leanne Togher, Miranda L. Rose
There are two underlying theories for rehabilitation which provide conflicting guidance for treatment intensity. Results from cognitive psychology research assert that lower frequency training schedules (distributed practice) are best for long-term retention of new skills or knowledge. Rehabilitation can be considered as a form of learning and thus, distributed treatments should result in superior retention in aphasia rehabilitation (For a comprehensive overview, see Dignam, Rodriguez, et al., 2016). In contrast, principles of neuroplasticity promoted within neuroscience, which are largely derived from animal models and studies of human motor and sensory rehabilitation, hold that higher intensity schedules/massed practice facilitate better recovery or learning than lower intensity schedules/distributed practice (Dignam, Rodriguez, et al., 2016). However, neither theory has been conclusively evaluated in aphasia rehabilitation.