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Neuromuscular Physiology
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Fundamentally, the nervous system is a network of nerve cells and its supporting connective tissue. The nervous system can be evaluated in two basic ways: based on its anatomical characteristics or based on functional characteristics. Anatomically, there are two parts: the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of 43 pairs of peripheral nerves (12 cranial and 31 spinal). The function of the CNS is either autonomic or somatic. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary actions involved in “housekeeping” and homeostasis maintenance, such as peristalsis and regulation of heart rate and blood pressure. The somatic system innervates skin, muscles, joints and provides the CNS with environmental information. The primary function of the somatic nervous system is working in an integrative fashion with the muscular system, thus forming the neuromuscular system. The neuromuscular nervous system’s primary function is in producing voluntary movement and reflex arcs.
NO from Flaxseed Enhances Sexual Function
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
In the early 1900s, the Austrian pharmacologist Otto Loewi discovered an interesting substance made by nerve cells in the brain and in the body. Some years later, Sir Henry Dale, with whom Loewi later collaborated at the University of London, and with whom he shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine named it “acetylcho-line” (ACh). This was the beginning of modern neuropharmacology based on chemical signals called neurotransmitters by which cells in the nervous system and brain communicate.
Reducing Entropy in Patients as the Essence of Healthcare
Published in Lesley Kuhn, Kieran Le Plastrier, Managing Complexity in Healthcare, 2022
Lesley Kuhn, Kieran Le Plastrier
As hierarchical integration of reflexive and dissipative mechanisms increases, the interaction of ‘whole-parts’ becomes more complicated. This is because, as England (2013) notes, survival is contingent on an organism having sophisticated integrative capabilities that can assess ‘whole’ and ‘part’ consequences of shifting homeostatic dynamics, to ensure energy consumption is at its lowest effective level, thus minimising entropy. Such integrative processes rely on the third mechanism by which homeostasis is maintained: Information processing. Information about the environment, availability of energy for work, and the overall minimisation of entropy production must be processed and integrated. In complex organisms, the primary seat of information processing is in the central nervous system: The brain.
A non-invasive direct nose to brain drug delivery platform vs. invasive brain delivery approach: patient-centered care impact analysis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ayala Kobo-Greenhut, Hilel Frankenthal, Aziz Darawsha, Avraham Karasik, Adit Zohar Beja, Tamir Ben Hur, Dana Ekstein, Lisa Amir, Daniel Shahaf, Izhar Ben Shlomo, Iris Shichor, William H. Frey
Herein we report on PCIA’s implementation via a comparative assessment of SipNose, a novel noninvasive Direct Nose-to-Brain (DNTB) delivery platform that delivers drugs to the central nervous system (CNS), versus intrathecal and intracerebroventricular injection (Invasive I/I) as the standard-of-care invasive technology for CNS drug delivery. Both latter methods are well-known, widely used, invasive treatment modalities for the management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These well-established modes of invasive drug delivery assume that effective delivery of therapeutics to the brain can only be achieved via a platform that invasively crosses the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). This is deemed necessary either due to most drugs’ inability to penetrate the BBB, or in the case of BBB penetrating drugs (less than 2% of existing drugs), due to these methods’ allowing for low dose of drug to be delivered near the site of action. This direct delivery to the target site reduces drug adverse effects and their severity (Delhaas & Huygen, 2020). Conversely, the noninvasive DNTB technology takes advantage of the physiological structure of the nasal cavity and its proximity to the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, to allow for efficient direct drug absorption and delivery from the upper nasal cavity to the CNS along these neuronal pathways, thereby bypassing the BBB (Chen et al., 1998; Dhuria et al., 2010; Gomez et al., 2012). Direct nose to brain drug transport allows for an enormous range of neurotherapeutic molecular sizes to be delivered noninvasively to the CNS (Chapman et al., 2013; Kosyakovsky et al., 2021).
Circumventing the packaging limit of AAV-mediated gene replacement therapy for neurological disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Lara Marrone, Paolo M. Marchi, Mimoun Azzouz
The nervous system is a network of specialized cells involved in signal acquisition, processing and transmission. Structurally, it is classified into two components: (i) the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain, spinal cord, and retina; (ii) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of nerves (cranial, spinal and peripheral) connecting the CNS to the rest of the body as well as to the surrounding environment. Importantly, other cell types than neurons play a critical role in maintaining the architecture and homeostasis of the nervous system. These cells, collectively referred to as glia (from the Greek ‘glue’), support, protect and/or nourish neurons [74]. Particularly, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate the myelin sheath that insulates nerve axons enabling impulse conduction [75]. The microglia, a population of CNS-resident macrophages, patrols the CNS actively releasing signalling molecules involved in the crosstalk among the different cell populations composing the brain [76]. Finally, astrocytes provide axon guidance and synaptic support via the uptake, recycling and release of neurotransmitters; they additionally preserve osmolarity, protect neurons from oxidative stress, and participate in the formation and regulation of the BBB [77].
Grape seed extract effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and dark neurons production in old mice. Can this extract improve learning and memory in aged animals?
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-moghaddam, Maryam Bigham, Mahmoud Hosseini, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Both neurogenesis and synaptogenesis are affected during life (in particular during aging) by various factors, including oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation [12–14]. Natural antioxidants can act beneficial for the health of the nervous system. Among all, flavonoids are well known for their neuronal beneficial effects. They are a family of multifunctional natural polyphenolic compounds, and are subdivided into flavones, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanidins, which found in a variety of plants, including vegetables, fruits, and plant-derived beverages such as wine and tea [15]. It has been reported that flavonoids have neuroprotective effects and promote learning and memory in animals exposed to neurotoxins [16]. They have also been shown to exert neuroprotectivity by regulating adult neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and brain signaling [17]. Previous studies reported that flavonoids promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and modulating the neurotrophic factors [17–19].