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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The nervous system is divided into the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain, enclosed by the skull, or cranium, and the spinal cord, enclosed by the vertebral column. The peripheral nervous system, being the rest of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, mainly comprises: Neuronal aggregations referred to as ganglia.Sensory cells and receptors that respond to external stimuli or to changes in the internal state of the body.Nerve fibers found outside the brain and the spinal cord.
Brain stimulation and epilepsy: basic overview and novel approaches
Published in Hans O Lüders, Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy, 2020
Jürgen Lüders, Imad Najm, Hans O Lüders
Many patients with medically intractable epilepsy still remain poor candidates for surgery involving resection of epileptogenic tissue. Alternative approaches to treating these patients have been sought, including electrical stimulation of various structures in both the central and peripheral nervous system.
Types of Sleep Disturbances in Women
Published in Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman, Sleep and Women's Health, 2019
Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman
Most studies in recent years report a link between the condition and a dopaminergic deficit in the central nervous system (the major part of the body's nervous system, which includes the brain and the spine). It is known that medication that increases dopamine in the central nervous system helps alleviate the symptoms, whereas medication that works on the dopamine in the peripheral nervous system does not provide relief. The peripheral nervous system is situated outside the central nervous system, beginning in the brain and spinal cord and connecting them with the various body organs and the limbs.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
Neuronal transmission allows for nearly instantaneous processing of sensory input or generation of motor output. This rapid signaling of peripheral neurons in the gut is critical for homeostatic mechanisms such as GI motility, secretion, and even immune response modulation.39 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of vagal and spinal sensory (afferent) neurons, autonomic motor (efferent) neurons, and enteric neurons (Figure 2). Afferent neurons send information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord, while efferent neurons project out from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral organs. Classifying by anatomical distribution, the twelve cranial nerves project from the brain/brainstem and spinal nerves from the spinal cord. The autonomic system is divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS).
The impact of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on neurosurgical practice and training: a review article
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Ehsan Alimohammadi, Sonia V. Eden, Sharath Kumar Anand, Paniz Ahadi, Arash Bostani, Seyed Reza Bagheri
Mao et al. in a retrospective study evaluated neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in 214 affected patients. They categorized neurological symptoms into three categories including, central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as headache, impaired consciousness, dizziness, ataxia, stroke, and epilepsy, peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms such as hypopsia, hypogeusia, hyposmia, neuralgia, and skeletal muscle injury such as skeletal muscle pain and elevated serum creatine kinase. These symptoms are summarized in Table 1. Their results showed that 78 (36.4%) patients had neurological manifestations and neurological symptoms were associated with more severe respiratory disease. They reported an incidence of 5.7%, 14.8%, and 19.3% for acute cerebrovascular diseases, impaired consciousness, and skeletal muscle injury, respectively, in patients with severe disease according to their respiratory status compared to an incidence of about 0.8%, 2.4%, and 4.8% in those with non-severe disease.9
Circumventing the packaging limit of AAV-mediated gene replacement therapy for neurological disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Lara Marrone, Paolo M. Marchi, Mimoun Azzouz
The nervous system is a network of specialized cells involved in signal acquisition, processing and transmission. Structurally, it is classified into two components: (i) the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain, spinal cord, and retina; (ii) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of nerves (cranial, spinal and peripheral) connecting the CNS to the rest of the body as well as to the surrounding environment. Importantly, other cell types than neurons play a critical role in maintaining the architecture and homeostasis of the nervous system. These cells, collectively referred to as glia (from the Greek ‘glue’), support, protect and/or nourish neurons [74]. Particularly, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate the myelin sheath that insulates nerve axons enabling impulse conduction [75]. The microglia, a population of CNS-resident macrophages, patrols the CNS actively releasing signalling molecules involved in the crosstalk among the different cell populations composing the brain [76]. Finally, astrocytes provide axon guidance and synaptic support via the uptake, recycling and release of neurotransmitters; they additionally preserve osmolarity, protect neurons from oxidative stress, and participate in the formation and regulation of the BBB [77].