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Basics of CT Scan Head and Trauma Radiographs
Published in Kajal Jain, Nidhi Bhatia, Acute Trauma Care in Developing Countries, 2023
Ujjwal Gorsi, Chirag Kamal Ahuja
The brain is contained within the skull, a rigid and inelastic container which allows only small increases in volume. Acute pathologies like traumatic contusions and haemorrhages have the potential to cause sudden change in intracranial dynamics. Neuroimaging plays a vital role in the evaluation of neurological trauma and helps to identify treatable injuries, assists in the prevention of secondary damage and provides useful prognostic information. Due to its widespread availability, low cost and good sensitivity in identifying severe injuries, computed tomography (CT) serves as the workhorse for evaluation of head trauma. It is also better compatible with life-support and traction-stabilization devices.
Exotropia in infancy: Management experience at Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, UK.
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
Badia Fahad, Sus Biswas, Chris Lloyd
METHOD: Retrospective case review of 69 patients for the period between 1991 and 2000. Ocular, orthoptic and systemic evaluation including neurological examination was carried out in all patients. Neuroimaging was undertaken when appropriate.
Biogenic amines
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Neuroimaging was normal in the majority of patients, in 20 of 29 studied [29]. Nonspecific mild changes in white matter signaling were found in 19 percent of type A and 63 percent of type B patients. Gross abnormalities of structure or signal intensity were never seen in the MRI.
Substrates of speech treatment-induced neuroplasticity in adults and children with motor speech disorders: A systematic scoping review of neuroimaging evidence
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2021
Brooke-Mai Whelan, Deborah Theodoros, Katie L. Mcmahon, David Copland, Danielle Aldridge, Jessica Campbell
Initially, key words and index terms used in the final search were determined from relevant articles identified through a limited search of PubMed and EMBASE in July 2018. The final search strategy was comprehensive, and included peer reviewed publications identified from five databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE [Medline], SCOPUS, Web of Science). The following search terms for neuroimaging technologies were applied: “CT” OR “computed tomography” OR “diffusion tensor imaging” OR “DTI” OR “dMRI” OR “DTT” OR “structural MRI” OR “sMRI” OR “diffusion tensor tractography” OR “magnetic resonance imaging” OR “functional MRI” OR “fMRI” OR “positron emission tomography” OR “PET” OR “magnetoencephalography” OR “MEG” OR “functional near infrared spectroscopy” OR “fNIRS” OR “proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy”. These terms were combined using “AND” to speech terms including: “dysarthria” OR “apraxia of speech” OR “motor speech” OR “corticospinal” OR “corticobulbar”. Additionally, the terms “brain” and “treatment” OR “therapy” OR “management” were added to the search using “AND”. Filters were applied to the database searches limiting records to between January 1998 and January 2019, available in English, that were not reviews, conference abstracts, opinion papers, editorials, theses or dissertations, or other publications without clear methods sections.
Memory in repeat sports-related concussive injury and single-impact traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Matthew J. Wright, Martin M. Monti, Evan S. Lutkenhoff, David J. Hardy, Pavel Y. Litvin, Daniel F. Kelly, Kevin Guskiewicz, Robert C. Cantu, Paul M. Vespa, David A. Hovda, Walter D. Lopez, Christina Wang, Ronald Swerdloff, Joaquín M. Fuster
Neuroimaging was carried out at UCLA Medical Center. Nineteen SI-TBI underwent brain MRI acutely and at 6-months post-injury. We used these data to confirm the neuroanatomical mapping of memory process indices that distinguished SI-TBI and RC/SCI groups. Regarding MRI acquisition, we collected T1-weighted (MPRAGE) structural data [repetition time (TR): 1900–1970 ms; echo time (TE): 3.52–4.40 ms; flip angle (FA): 9–15] across three different Siemens MR systems at the UCLA Medical Center at both time points for each of the 19 participants with SI-TBI. Given the results from the memory analysis (see results), we analyzed eleven subcortical regions of interest (ROI; brainstem and bilateral thalamus, globus pallidus, striatum, and hippocampus) for associations between local brain atrophy and neuropsychological performance. The methods employed are described in detail in previous work(48). In brief, each T1 image was brain extracted (using optiBET) and then segmented to isolate, for each hemisphere separately, the 11 ROIs (using FSL First; https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/). From the boundary of each segmentation, a 3-dimensional mesh of vertices was derived and entered, as the dependent variable, in the analysis described below.
Role of EEG in Predicting Outcome of Hepatic Encephalopathy Patients
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Roshan Koul, Rakhi Maiwall, Archana Ramalingam, Satyendra Kumar, Ravinder Mohan Dhamija, Viniyendra Pamecha, Shiv Kumar Sarin
Periodic discharges (PDs) were labeled according to the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society’s Standardized Critical Care EEG Technology criteria (Hirsch et al. 2013). Patients with both clinical seizures and electrographic seizures on EEG without clinical signs were included. Clinical seizures were identified in HE patients as focal eye jerks or frequent blinking with a corresponding EEG change. Occasionally a patient had a generalized tonic clonic seizure. Recorded EEG abnormalities were clinically correlated with these patients. Patients with non-convulsive seizures recorded electrographically on EEG were evaluated for the presence of clinical (manifest) seizures also. Additionally, other atypical EEG findings included PDs and alpha activity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were performed on patients requiring further evaluation as indicated by clinical features, clinical examination, or EEG findings. A patient may have had both types of neuroimaging (MRI/CT) if the underlying brain condition required further evaluation. Patient outcomes in relation to the brain imaging (MRI/CT) and seizures were also documented.