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Questions and Answers
Published in David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly, MRCPsych Paper I One-Best-Item MCQs, 2017
David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly
Answer: A. This is actor-observer bias which is a form of attributional bias. Cognitive dissonance is a theory of attitudinal change. Fundamental attribution error is attributing others’ behaviour to internal factors (disposition). Self-serving bias is attributing one’s successes to internal factors and one’s failings to external factors. [O. pp. 345–6]
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 4: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to internal, dispositional factors and failures to external, situational factors. In-group bias is the positive feelings towards people belonging to one’s in-group and negativity towards one’s out-group. Actor/observer bias refers to the tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal, dispositional factors, and to use external, situational factors to explain our own. Hindsight bias is the tendency to see events as more predictable after the event has occurred. Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which a person’s behaviour is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of external, situational factors.
Older men and women reflect on changes in sexual functioning in later life
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2021
Liat Ayalon, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Inbar Levkovich, Khaled Karkabi
The present study documents a gender pattern, with men being more likely to identify sexual changes in themselves and women corroborating this observation, as they too were more likely to notice sexual changes in their male partners. This pattern is consistent with past research, which has shown that men with erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation are more likely to attribute sexual difficulties to themselves and undermine positive sexual experiences compared with men who had no functional difficulties (Rowland, Mikolajczyk, Pinkston, Reed, & Lo, 2016; Scepkowski et al., 2004). This pattern of self-blaming is in contrast to predictions made by the attribution theory, which argues for a self-serving bias, in which individuals are more likely to attribute positive experiences to themselves and negative ones to others or to circumstances (Kelley, 1967). Moreover, it is not only men who blame themselves, but also women too tend to attribute the difficulties to men, hence, potentially further strengthening a tendency to self-blame among men. This finding suggests that efforts to address negative attributions should address both partners.
Developing Measurement-Based Care for Youth in an Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic: The Penn State Psychiatry Clinical Assessment and Rating Evaluation System for Youth (PCARES-Youth)
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2020
Daniel A. Waschbusch, Amanda Pearl, Dara E. Babinski, Jamal H. Essayli, Sujatha P. Koduvayur, Duanping Liao, Dahlia Mukherjee, Erika F. H. Saunders
MBC provides several advantages for the assessment and treatment of youth patients (Boswell, Kraus, Miller, & Lambert, 2015). First, MBC helps ensure that clinicians conduct a thorough and accurate assessment of symptoms at intake and over the course of treatment. This is accomplished by developing a measurement model to conceptualize the constructs of interest (i.e., the major areas of concern for youth, caregivers, and clinician), then selecting psychometrically sound assessments (usually rating scales) to operationalize the constructs described in the measurement model (Bickman, 2008; Fortney et al., 2017). This helps minimize biases when clinicians evaluate their youth patients. For example, in the absence of such standardized data clinicians may show a bias by overly focusing assessments on areas in which they have more expertise, or demonstrate a self-serving bias by evaluating treatment progress in a falsely positive manner (Boswell et al., 2015). In contrast, when clinical judgment is complemented by rating scale data evaluations of progress are more likely to be comprehensive and accurate (Youngstrom & Van Meter, 2016).
From Research to Clinical Practice: Ethical Issues with Neurotechnology and Industry Relationships
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Tristan McIntosh, James M DuBois
To be clear, there is little evidence that researchers and physicians make conscious decisions to allow secondary interests to trump primary interests (e.g., research integrity, patient care). One reason why COIs are so difficult to manage is that self-serving bias typically operates unconsciously through our so-called “fast-thinking” cognitive system (Association of American Medical Colleges 2007; Dana and Loewenstein 2003). Partly for this reason, oversight has—for better or worse—largely replaced reliance on virtue to protect research integrity and patient interests (DuBois et al. 2013).