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Environmental resources 2
Published in Tony Cassidy, Stress, Cognition and Health, 2023
Despite what can now be seen as the obvious utility of a social identity theory of leadership, it was only formulated at the turn of the century (Hogg, 2001) and is now proclaimed as the new psychology of leadership (Haslam, Reicher & Platow, 2011). This theory explains the emergence of leadership as a group process through increasing social identity salience, social prototypes, social attraction and attributions (Hogg, 2001). The most prototypical in-group member will be the person who is perceived by other group members as the closest fit to their own attitudes, beliefs and aspirations. The most prototypical member acquires their ability to influence group members because they are the most socially attractive group member (Hogg, 2001). As the member begins to be perceived as the most prototypical and therefore more socially attractive, they attract more attention, and attributional processes play a role. The attribution bias operates towards attributing the attractive prototypical behaviours to internal characteristics, and hence, the leader is bestowed with charisma and is bestowed with referent power. The basic premises of the social identity theory of leadership were tested in a series of laboratory and field studies (Hains, Hogg & Duck, 1997; Fielding & Hogg, 1997; Turner & Haslam, 2001). These researchers showed that perceived leadership effectiveness was closely linked to perceived prototypicality and social attractiveness.
Somatic Attributions in Functional Illness
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
Chronic fatigue patients who attributed their condition to a somatic illness reported higher severity levels for their fatigue than the control groups. The difference was due to the perceived severity of physical fatigue. The severity of mental fatigue was similar in the three groups. The duration of fatigue was longer in the group with somatic attribution. Compared with the somatic attribution group, the patients with a psychological attribution indicated more anxiety, depression, and general psychological distress, but similar levels of fatigue and number of somatic symptoms. The subjects with a somatic attribution were significantly more likely than the other two groups to cope with their fatigue by curtailing their activities. The attributional style did not change during the follow-up period. The findings indicated that a somatic attributional bias is associated with more fatigue and more functional impairment, but less psychological distress than a psychological attribution. According to the authors of the study, these features “challenge the idea that psychiatric disturbance explains the symptom of fatigue in this setting” (Chalder et al., 1996, p. 799).
Ethics, professionalism, and Giving Voice to Values
Published in Ira Bedzow, Giving Voice to Values as a Professional Physician, 2018
To demonstrate what I mean, consider the pedagogical tool of having students learn through self-recognition. This is particularly important when uncovering certain biases that students may have which limit their ability to care for patients and apply already-held values. For example, despite identifying with the general value of wanting to care for and treat patients, there are many situations where a student might perceive that patients are responsible for their conditions or are simply very difficult to engage, and a student may therefore be less motivated to help them. Instead of directly instructing students to care, a more productive strategy would be to expose (1) why they might have their negative perception, and (2) how they might change that perception so as to better act on their values. One way to do this would be to reveal students’ attribution biases.22 When a patient’s disposition or character is seen to have caused his or her condition, the physician might be less empathetic to his or her plight than if it is seen as a product of circumstance. In making students aware of their attributional assumptions and facilitating their recognition of potential situational factors that might be influencing their patients’ behavior and health, they can learn on their own how to act on their primary value of wanting to care for patients, regardless of the situation. The same is true in understanding how to create better working relationships between different members of a healthcare team.
Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in the patients with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Although all included studies declared the randomization, five studies used random number table to generate random sequence and were rated as low risk [20,21,23,24,27], while the rest were evaluated as unclear risk, because they did not describe the method. With regard to allocation concealment, all studies were judged as unclear risk due to the lack of relevant information. In terms of performance bias and detection bias, except for one open-label trial marked as high risk [28], the remaining 16 studies were rated as unclear risk, because they did not provide sufficient details. All studies reported predetermined outcomes and provided complete data, so their risks of attribution bias and reporting bias were low. With respect to other bias, the distributions of depigmentation between two groups were comparable in 12 studies [20–22,25–27,30–35], and they were assessed as low risk. The remaining five studies were judged as unclear risk due to insufficient data [23,24,28,29,36]. The methodological quality of each study is shown in Supplementary Figure S1.
A follow-up of the PFS-AV, an assessment instrument for hostility
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2023
Ruud H. J. Hornsveld, Floris W. Kraaimaat
Related to the concept of hostility is the concept of hostile attribution bias (HAB), which was first used by Nasby et al. (1980) in their research on aggressive behavior in children. Hostile attribution bias can be defined as a tendency to interpret the behavior of other people as having hostile intentions, especially when social context cues are ambiguous or unpredictable and difficult to interpret (Milich & Dodge, 1984). HAB is mainly seen as part of the social information processing (SIP) model, in which social information leads to behavior through several steps during an interaction with others, namely encoding information, interpreting information, deciding a goal for interaction, generating responses, evaluating responses, and finally, enacting a response (Dodge, 1986). Many studies have been carried out on the alleged deviant SIP in children with behavioral problems. In most of these studies, participants were confronted with stories, pictures, or video clips of social interactions with peers that can easily lead to conflict. In some studies, real-life situations are staged. Research has shown a robust association between hostile attribution biases and aggressive behavior in youth (Orobio de Castro et al., 2002) and adults (Klein Tuente, 2020).
Barriers to and supports for tobacco and alcohol use disorder treatment among California’s homeless
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Aceel Christina Hawa, Donald Barr, Haleh Sheikholeslami
There are a few limitations to this study that are worth considering. First, the sample is based upon qualitative information gathered from interviews using a purposive sampling strategy. Purposive sampling, although used in plenty of qualitative research studies, might have given way to researcher bias in the selection of participants in a way that random sampling would not have. And while the sample is certainly diverse, participant selection was largely contingent upon key informants’ expressed availability and interest in the research, ultimately resulting in participants from a range of occupational backgrounds (licensed clinical social workers, registered nurses, and addiction physicians) which might have introduced a degree of attribution bias too. Second, triangulation – the use of different qualitative data collection strategies such as observations and focus groups to supplement the interviews – was not employed. While the study could have also benefitted from capturing the perspectives of actual service users (as opposed to exclusively service providers), it was simply not possible to carry out during COVID-19 restrictions. Lastly, there is a robust body of research to show that harm reduction approaches work best when issues of homelessness are dealt with first. However, this remains to be outside the scope of this study.