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The meaning of developmental theories for traumatised children
Published in Panos Vostanis, Helping Children and Young People Who Experience Trauma, 2021
The truly innovative context of Freud’s proposed psychosexual stages of development at the time is sometimes lost and its implications oversimplified in our modern context. Freud set the scene for most psychodynamic therapies, as we will discuss in the next chapter, and he was the catalyst for the emergence of now seemingly opposed theories. The six stages, from birth to late adolescence and beyond, are influenced by the child’s intrinsic, basic, unconscious and largely sexual-driven drive (energy or libido), which thus form the basis of behaviours. These lead to fixations that usually get resolved, otherwise defence mechanisms become the child’s way of avoiding anxiety, and these can result in emotional problems throughout life. Energy assimilates in the child’s part of body that is most commonly used at each age. For example, in the oral stage until the age of 18 months, the child is mainly gratified through feeding and the use of his or her mouth. Human behaviour is thus formed by the dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious processes. We all drift between the two at times, and we tend to use defence mechanisms in lesser or more severe forms – for example, to rationalise by putting forward an acceptable reasoned explanation for a not-so-wise behaviour or decision. Abused and other traumatised children demonstrate how such dysfunctional processes take effect over a course of years and can be easily misread.
Stress and the Dental Situation
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
The oral cavity is an important element at various stages of life according to different theories of personality development. Freud’s9 psychosexual theory of personality divided psychological development into three stages according to the parts of the body which release sexual energy (libido): the oral stage (first year), the anal stage (second and third years), and the genital stage (starting around the third or fourth year). Occasionally, some libidinal energy fixates in one of the early stages (oral or anal), a fixation which will influence the personality throughout life.
Major Schools of Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The mouth is the center of pleasure during the oral stage. Babies derive pleasure from sucking and mouthing various objects, including their own fingers. The child follows the pleasure principle during this stage.
The prevalence of oral stage dysphagia in adults presenting with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Órla Gilheaney, Sibylle Béchet, Patrick Kerr, Ciaran Kenny, Shauna Smith, Rita Kouider, Rachel Kidd, Margaret Walshe
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a cluster of conditions caused by alterations in the structure and/or function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the wider masticatory muscle system, and/or osseous components, which are commonly characterised by heterogeneous signs and symptoms [1–8]. TMDs are the most frequent orofacial pain disorders of non-dental origin, and are also reported to be the second most common musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorder after lower back pain, with up to a striking 93% of the general population showing at least one TMD sign or symptom on examination, and 10–20% of these individuals seeking treatment [9–17]. Although the clinical presentation of TMDs are frequently heterogeneous [1], commonly experienced signs and symptoms include: pain, dysfunction, and fatigue of the TMJ and muscles of mastication, limitations of mandibular movement and mouth opening, impaired oral transit, and the potential for unintentional weight loss [2,18–21]. These functional difficulties have the potential to combine to impair typical eating, drinking, and swallowing, causing oral stage dysphagia (OD), which may subsequently impact on quality of life (QOL) [22–24].
A comparison of swallowing dysfunction in Becker muscular dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2018
Yuka Yamada, Michiyuki Kawakami, Ayako Wada, Tomoyoshi Otsuka, Kaori Muraoka, Meigen Liu
The present study did have several limitations. First, it was conducted at only one institution and included a small sample; therefore, caution is needed when generalizing the results. Second, the sample was unbalanced with respect to disease severity, and did not include mild cases. Third, this study was cross-sectional; a prospective cohort study is necessary to demonstrate the time course of swallowing disorder in patients with BMD. Fourth, we did not investigate the correlation between swallowing dysfunction and genotype in DMD/BMD patients. This correlation should be examined in future studies. Furthermore, there may be swallowing function problems, especially in regard to oral function, that cannot be identified using the VFSS alone. VFSS observations regarding oral function are sometimes difficult because assessments during the oral stage are often not as clear as those during the pharyngeal stage. Assessing oral function using more appropriate tools will be needed in future studies. Despite these limitations, we believe that the present findings provide important information for nutrition management and prevention of pneumonia in patients with BMD.
Correlation between dysphonia and dysphagia evolution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2021
Chiara Mezzedimi, Enza Vinci, Fabio Giannini, Serena Cocca
In cases of bulbar ALS, dysphagia is a frequent symptom [10,18]: it can result from the involvement of the trigeminal, facial, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, or vagus cranial nerves. Hillel and Miller [10] have described a temporal progressive pattern of affected musculature during bulbar ALS. According to their observed pattern, tongue and lips were affected first (resulting in possible oral stage swallowing difficulties). The group of muscles affected secondly included the palatal, jaw, and pharyngeal muscles. Facial, upper trunk, and laryngeal muscles formed the third group of affected muscles followed by the last group consisting of extra-ocular muscles.