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Middle childhood
Published in Dr Quentin Spender, Dr Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Dr Jenny Murphy, Primary Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
Dr Quentin Spender, Dr Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Dr Jenny Murphy
During this stage, children continue to grow and develop physically, cognitively, socially and emotionally. Because so much of child development happens in the early years and in adolescence, there is a myth that ‘nothing much happens’ in the gap between. We hope this chapter disproves this myth, although it is true that the rate of change is slower than in the preschool years. A number of psychological theories describe these changes from different perspectives. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of child development, the term ‘latency period’ implies not only that there is less psychosexual development than in the preschool and adolescent years, but also that various energies are being held in reserve (‘latent’). The child’s observable energies are focused on physical activity and socially accepted or expected activity (such as schoolwork, after-school clubs or play). Other models focus more on the cognitive changes that occur (changes in the child’s way of thinking) and refer to middle childhood as the beginning of the ‘age of reason’,1 when children become capable of logical thinking, reasoning and more complex problem-solving.
Models and theories of addiction
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
According to the psychoanalytic theory, adaptive behaviour requires the harmonious functioning of the id, ego and super ego (the self). These components change during the stages of psychosexual development. The use of alcohol or drugs (smoking) is related to the “fixation” at the oral stage of development. Alcohol use disorder and other pathological conditions are attributed to the conflicts in these stages of development, resulting in the destructive interactions among the three components of the self. The aetiology of alcohol or drug dependence is assumed to develop from sensual satisfaction (avoidance of pain or anxiety), conflict among the id, ego and super ego and fixation in the infantile past (Allen 1996). In order to avoid pain or anxiety, alcohol intoxication is assumed to provide this relief. Freud made little reference to alcohol disorder in his published works but did suggest that the consumption of alcohol provided relief from the conflict generated by oral fixation, or repressed homosexuality. Opiate addiction is used as an attempt to deal with excessively punitive parental standards that create feelings of being unacceptable and worthless (Blatt et al. 1984).
Childbirth and sexual abuse during childhood
Published in Chang Amy, Caroline Squire, The Social Context of Birth, 2017
It is postulated that childhood sexual abuse may disrupt psychosexual development in some adolescent women, and that some of them may react by voluntarily initiating sexual intercourse at a young age and becoming sexually promiscuous ( Stevens-Simon and Reichert 1994, Saewyc, et al. 2004). As a corollary, a disproportionately large number of young women who become pregnant during adolescence have been found to be victims of childhood sexual abuse (Boyer and Fine 1992, Stevens-Simon and McAnarney 1994, Nagy, et al. 1995). Furthermore, adolescent women who have been sexually abused are more likely not to use contraception, so their risk of unintended pregnancy will be increased (Boyer and Fine 1992, Nagy, et al. 1995, Esparza and Esperat 1996, Dietz, et al. 1999).
The Effectiveness of Jet (Needle-Free) Injector to Provide Anesthesia in Child Circumcision under Local Anesthesia
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Circumcision is often applied for religious and traditional reasons, and sometimes because of health problems. Almost all of the men in our country are circumcised and most of the circumcisions are performed under local anesthesia. Since circumcisions are mostly done for religious reasons, families want the child to be aware that it is circumcised. For this reason, preschool period is often preferred as an age for circumcision. Circumcisions performed during this period when the child discovers his sexual identity can lead to negativities in terms of psychosexual development. The needle used for injection of local anesthetic significantly increases anxiety of children. Although topical anesthetic creams are used to reduce children's anxiety, needle anxiety has not been resolved. In a study, Tadio et al. reported that 63% of children in the USA are afraid of needles [10].
How Does Childhood Trauma Impact Women’s Sexual Desire? Role of Depression, Stress, and Cortisol
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Julia I. O’Loughlin, Alessandra H. Rellini, Lori A. Brotto
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a quarter of all adults worldwide report a history of having been physically abused as children, whereas 1 in 5 women and 1 in 13 men report childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Additionally, many children are subject to emotional/psychological abuse and to neglect (World Health Organization, 2018). Given that the childhood years are a critical period of psychosexual development, there has been much interest in the impact of early life abuse, trauma, and adversity on adult sexual functioning. Childhood abuse and/or traumatic experiences have a damaging effect on the development of social growth, sexual response, and interpersonal functioning in adulthood (Maltz, 2002), which affect not only fear of intimacy (De Silva, 2001; Maltz, 2002), but also directly impact adult sexual functioning (Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle, & Coxeter, 2005). Despite the unfortunately common prevalence of childhood adversities among women seeking therapy for sexual dysfunction, the field lacks adequate information with respect to the key psychological factors that affect the sexual lives of victims and the main targets to address in therapy. Indeed, we have yet to identify whether it is more effective to focus on lasting changes from the past experiences on current sexual schemas/beliefs, or shift the focus on current depressive symptoms or daily stressors.
Sexual Orientation Development of Heterosexual, Bisexual, Lesbian, and Gay Individuals: Questions and Hypotheses Based on Kaestle’s (2019) Research
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2019
Individuals begin their psychosexual development presuming they are heterosexual. This is unsurprising because the vast majority are raised by heterosexual parents and are expected to be heterosexual by their parents. They, too, consequently, expect the same outcome. For the majority, meaning those who are heterosexual, psychosexual development will be relatively quick and uneventful relative to those whose psychosexual trajectory will differ. For the latter, the awareness will usher a transition from the presumed heterosexuality to the final sexual orientation. Development is generally continuous rather than discontinuous, such that change occurs from one to an adjacent orientation, as others have found (Ott, Corliss, Wypij, Rosario, & Austin, 2011). Thus, lesbians and gay men, as a group, transition through a bisexual phase.