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Oppositional defiant behaviour
Published in MS Thambirajah, Case Studies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
The defining feature of conduct disorder (seeChapter 12) is the presence of rule-breaking behaviour, i.e. the behaviours that violate the law or basic rights of others; this includes behaviours such as theft, cruelty, bullying, fighting, assault and destructiveness. Adam’s pattern of behaviour, as bad as it was, was confined to being negativistic, defiant and disobedient towards authority figures, rather than the violation of rights of others or societal norms. Hyperkinetic disorder (seeChapter 9) is characterised by impulsivity, lack of concentration and general overactivity occurring in various situations. There was little indication of these features in Adam. Lastly, some children react to difficulties in adjustment to change in life situations such as parental illness or divorce (seeChapter 5) with disturbance in behaviour. In the case of Adam there were no such major life events.
Child and adolescent psychiatry
Published in Ben Green, Problem-based Psychiatry, 2018
Hyperkinetic disorders involve overactivity, poor attention, poor concentration on tasks, and disorganisation in most situations. Hyperkinetic disorders generally arise in the first five years of life. Hyperkinetic children are often impulsive, accident prone, and may be seen as cheeky by adults, and are unpopular with other children. Motor and language skills may be delayed. Hyperkinesis may be associated with a conduct disorder. Hyperkinetic disorder is sometimes termed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The term ADHD is probably better understood by the public who are more familiar with this through its use in the lay media.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Published in Quentin Spender, Niki Salt, Judith Dawkins, Tony Kendrick, Peter Hill, David Hall, Jackie Carnell, Child Mental Health in Primary Care, 2018
Quentin Spender, Niki Salt, Judith Dawkins, Tony Kendrick, Peter Hill, David Hall, Jackie Carnell
The symptoms in hyperkinetic disorder are grouped into three clusters, namely attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (seeBox 22.1). These diagnostic criteria are based on the ICD-10 criteria.2 They are very similar to the DSM-IV criteria.3 With sufficient of each, a child will justify the label, provided that functional impairment is directly attributable to this. When interpreting these criteria, it is essential to compare the child’s behaviour with that of a normal child of the same developmental age. Many two- and three-year-olds are normally overactive and have a short attention span, but this does not mean that they have this disorder. It is easier to make judgements of the criteria in children over the age of four years.
Comorbidity of mental health and autism spectrum disorder: perception of practitioners in management of their challenging behaviour
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Edward Khasakhala, Kennedy Bota, Godfrey Ayaga, Manson Sichari, Benard Wesonga, Donald Kokonya
This necessitates adequate detection and treatment of these significant occurrences in order to prevent morbidity among children with ASD. According to meta-analyses and randomized and non-randomized controlled trials conducted in Germany by Schulte-Körne (2016), the prevalence of hyperkinetic disorder ranges from 1% to 6%. This expressed itself through motor hyperactivity, a lack of concentration, and impulsive behaviour. This study however did not investigate specific mental health problems manifested by children and adolescents with ASD but rather the perception of practitioners of mental health and ASD based on challenging behaviours presented by these children and adolescents. There is need to carry out a study on specific mental health problems presented by children and adolescents with ASD and how practitioners perceive them. In conclusion, these findings may support the contention that the comorbidity between mental health disorders and ASD is complex and poorly understood.
Treatment of psychiatric disturbances in common hyperkinetic movement disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Isabella Berardelli, Massimo Pasquini, Antonella Conte, Matteo Bologna, Alfredo Berardelli, Giovanni Fabbrini
Psychiatric disturbances worsen the quality of life and impair social functions in patients with dystonia, chronic tics, TS, HD and ET. However, the data available on the treatment of psychiatric disturbances in these conditions are scanty. One RCT conducted on CD, in which the treatment of psychiatric disturbances was not the main outcome measure, did not reveal any differences between escitalopram and placebo. Comorbid OCD and ADHD in TS benefit from atypical antipsychotics and alpha agonists, stimulants and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Whether behavioral interventions, which reduce tic severity in TS, may also be useful in the treatment of OCD, ADHD, depression, anxiety and other psychiatric disturbances in TS is unclear. In HD, psychiatric disturbances are usually treated according to the doctor’s experience. Bupropion may be useful for apathy while antipsychotics are widely used for aggressivity and psychosis, whereas no clear indications are available for the treatment of depression. No studies have been conducted on the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in ET patients. Since the studies reviewed here indicate that the presence and severity of psychiatric disturbances are often unrelated to the severity of motor dysfunction, psychiatric disturbances in each of these conditions should be treated independently from the hyperkinetic disorder.
Pre-conceptual and prenatal supplementary folic acid and multivitamin intake, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders: A study based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC)
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Jasveer Virk, Zeyan Liew, Jørn Olsen, Ellen A Nohr, Janet M Catov, Beate Ritz
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, increased impulsivity, and motivational/emotional dysregulation,1 is defined as one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders in children and has an estimated worldwide prevalence of 4–8%.2,3 Hyperkinetic disorder is often characterized as a particularly severe form of ADHD;4–6 however, these diagnoses are due to systems of disease classification that use somewhat different criteria. ADHD diagnostic criteria are derived from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV, 1994),7 whereas HKD criteria are derived from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).8 While there is a substantial difference in the prevalence of ADHD and HKD in clinical samples,5 studies examining the predictive validity of the two main diagnostic schemata find large overlap in terms of important clinical characteristics.2,5,6 The etiology of ADHD/HKD is not well understood, but both environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute to disease onset.9,10 It has been argued that the rapid increase in ADHD/HKD observed over the past few decades11,12 cannot solely be attributed to changes in diagnostic criteria13 or parental awareness,4 necessitating a search for preventable causes.