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Children with Special Needs
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
ADHD is an umbrella term used to describe a series of behavioural conditions associated with hyperactivity, impulsiveness, a poor attention span and often disruptive behaviour. Suspected or actual hearing loss and poor sleep patterns can be reasons for presentation to ORL. ASD and ADHD are very different conditions but they may coexist, and children suspected of either will need referral to the appropriate paediatric or psychology team for skilled assessment and diagnosis.
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Fredrick Dombrowski, Natasha Chung, Robert Yates
ADHD shows comorbidity with several other mental health problems, including intellectual disability, specific learning disability, autism spectrum disorder, motor problems, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, and mood disorders (Thapar et al., 2013). Given the comorbidity between ADHD and several other common mental health problems, diagnosis of ADHD is complex. Diagnosis of ADHD commonly involves taking a complete developmental history and collateral informant interviews, the use of self-and informant-report inventories, tests of cognitive abilities, and the use of tests of attention performance. No one test is able to accurately capture a diagnosis of ADHD, and further, symptoms of ADHD should be present in more than one setting (APA, 2013). Because ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, symptoms may present early in life and change at different points throughout the lifespan.
Meta-Regression
Published in Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Karl E. Peace, Applied Meta-Analysis with R and Stata, 2021
Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Karl E. Peace
ADHD is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Typical symptoms of ADHD include difficulty staying focused and paying attention, very high levels of activity, and difficulty controlling behavior, etc. Among these symptoms, a key one is the inability to inhibit motor responses when asked to do so. There are many studies using the well-established stop-signal paradigm to measure this response in children with ADHD which typically showed a delayed stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. To further study prolonged SSRT, Huizenga et al. (2009) performed a meta-analysis of 41 studies comparing SSRT in children or adolescents diagnosed with ADHD to normal control subjects. Since between-study variation in effect-sizes was large, a random-effects meta-regression analysis was conducted to investigate whether this variability could be explained by regression covariates from the between-study reaction time in “Go task” complexity. These covariates included a global index of Go task complexity measured as the mean reaction time in control subjects (RTc) and another more specific index measured as the spatial compatibility of the stimulus-response mapping.
Does a Behavioral Parent Training Program for Parents of ADHD Children Improve Outcomes? A Pilot Project
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2022
Tracie Clark Morgan, Louise C. O'Keefe
Researchers confirm that parent–child interactions are more conflictual in families with an ADHD child compared to those without (Cappe et al., 2017). This conflict creates increased stress levels and negatively affects this important relationship. Ineffective parenting styles have been identified as a major causative factor of behavior problems. Both permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting are associated with increased child behavior problems (Schilling et al., 2017). Parents of ADHD children also experience more self-blame, depression, social isolation, and marital discord (Vierhile et al., 2009). Studies have demonstrated that parents of ADHD children exhibit higher rates of disapproving, dictating, and scorning behaviors toward their children. These parents use command repetition, reprimanding, verbal directives, and correction more than parents of non-ADHD children. Rewarding and responsive behaviors occur less frequently in parents of children with ADHD (Margari et al., 2013). Balancing work and family demands, while trying to effectively manage the difficult behaviors associated with ADHD, remains a continual challenge for these families (Sellmaier et al., 2016). Due to the prevalence and devastating consequences of the problem behaviors associated with ADHD, research has focused on developing effective treatment regimens to prevent and manage these problem behaviors to improve outcomes for these patients and their families (Schilling et al., 2017).
Artificial food coloring affects EEG power and ADHD symptoms in college students with ADHD: a pilot study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Anna E. Kirkland, Mackenzie T. Langan, Kathleen F. Holton
While AFC research has been conducted for decades, there are two major factors that remain under researched: investigating the effects of AFC in young adults with ADHD and the use of objective outcome measures. First, to our knowledge, all dietary research within the ADHD population has been conducted in children and adolescents. While ADHD is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, and therefore highly diagnosed in children, individuals can carry the diagnosis into adulthood or be diagnosed as an adult [1]. Second, the potential connection between AFC and symptoms of ADHD has relied mostly on subjective reporting of symptoms from parents, teachers, and clinicians, with only a handful of studies employing quantifiable learning or behavioral tasks [9]. Using objective measures for dietary research is vital to understand how dietary components, like AFC, influence ADHD.
Patterns of comorbidity and psychopharmacology in adults with intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an UK national cross-sectional audit
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Bhathika Perera, John Chen, Laura Korb, Aditya Borakati, Ken Courtenay, William Henley, Sam Tromans, Rohit Shankar
ADHD is estimated to affect approximately 5% of the general population and up to 3% of adults [10–13]. ADHD is 3–10 times more prevalent in people with ID than in the general population and occurs across all age groups [14,15]. Children with ID are more likely to have ADHD than children without ID [16,17]. Adolescents with ID have a higher risk of ADHD than adolescents without ID [18]. Despite this, ADHD continues to be underdiagnosed in people with ID [3]. ADHD is a clinical diagnosis made following a detailed psychiatric and developmental history [6]. The diagnostic criteria are primarily focused on people with normal intellectual functioning. Therefore, there are limitations in applying the diagnostic criteria to people with ID that may account for the under-diagnosis of ADHD in people with ID [19].