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Nanotechnological Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissues
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Tal Dvir, Brian P. Timko, Daniel S. Kohane, Robert Langer
The process of tissue growth and development requires a constant supply of instructive cues. Another promising application for nanoscale structures in tissue engineering is the incorporation of controlled release systems into scaffolds. Controlled delivery of bio-molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines in vitro or in vivo, is crucial in the support and enhancement of tissue morphogenesis, viability and functionality. Advances in nanotechnology provided the basis for fabrication of nanoparticulate delivery systems with large ratios of surface area to volume, rendering them very effective within the scaffold microenvironment. Examples of nanoparticles for controlled release of biomolecules include synthetic polymeric nanospheres, nanotubes, nanowires, liposomes and dendrimers (for a comprehensive review see ref. 79).
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
The word ‘cancer’ is still ‘dreadful’ to mankind. This starts with abnormal tissue growth due to uncontrolled cell division, that have irregular life spans, and eventually forms a malignant tumor(s). Normal cells conduct regular cellular functions and die, however, cancer stem cells keep growing and making new cells uncontrollably. Since the malignant cells continue to grow in abundance, they eventually suppress the normal cells to worsen the patients’ health. The abnormal cellular growth can metastasize i.e. generating new malignant tumors to various parts of the body, fetching by blood and lymph (immune) systems.
PRP in Vitiligo
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
These cytokines play important roles in cell proliferation, chemotaxis, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. Platelet-derived growth factor has a significant role in the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) that induces proliferation of various cells as epithelial cells, collagen tissue, and smooth muscle cells. VEGF is another chemical signal stimulating the growth of new blood vessels and tissue growth. Dense granules of platelet contain serotonin, histamine, dopamine, calcium, and adenosine. These bioactive factors have fundamental effects on the biologic aspects of wound healing [6].
The impact of uterine adenomyosis on the histopathological risk factors and survival in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Mehmet Hakan Yetimalar, Derya Kilic, Incim Bezircioglu, Seyran Yigit
Adenomyosis is a common benign disorder that is observed in 10–70% of all hysterectomy materials (Bergholt et al. 2001). It comprises some characteristics similar with malignant tumours, such as invasion, abnormal tissue growth and angiogenesis (Vercellini et al. 2006; Koike et al. 2013). Of note, the PTEN, PIK3CA and KRAS genetic mutations, which are well-documented in type 1 ECs, were also shown to be associated with adenomyosis (Hever et al. 2006; Roddy and Chapman 2017). The influence of co-existing adenomyosis on clinical behaviour, tumour progression and prognosis of EC has been a subject of interest. However, the current literature is contradictory (Habiba et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018). While a number of studies suggested that the presence of adenomyosis was related with a favourable prognosis by a lower histological grade and earlier stage (Matsuo et al. 2014; Gizzo et al. 2016; Hertlein et al. 2017), some others found that adenomyosis is in relation with myometrial invasion (MI) and poor prognosis (Taneichi et al. 2014; Machida et al. 2017), although some other documented no effect of adenomyosis on the disease prognosis and recurrence (Zhang et al. 2018). Since the depth of MI is a crucial prognostic factor and a determinant of the treatment success, accurate evaluation of MI stands as a significant task also for the pathologists in these patients.
A novel variant in TGFBI causes keratoconus in a two-generation Chinese family
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Qinghong Lin, Lin Zheng, Zhengwei Shen
The TGFBI protein (TGFBIp, also BIGH3) encoded by the TGFBI gene is a crucial extracellular protein that mediates cell adhesion to collagen, proteoglycans, laminin and fibronectin, such as biglycan and decorin. The expression of TGFBIp increases when the TGF-β signaling pathway is activated. Meanwhile, TGF-β signaling stimulates the downstream synthesis of connective tissue growth factor (5). In corneal cells, TGF-β is highly activated, and an abundant transcript coding of TGFBI can be identified in KC-afflicted corneas (6,7). TGFBI gene mutations have also been detected in corneal dystrophies (8). Recently, mutations and VARIANTs in TGFBI have been reported in KC patients (9,10). In the present report, a novel variant c.1406 G > A was identified in a two-generation Chinese family, which probably contributed to the pathogenesis of KC.
Current status of developing tissue engineering vascular technologies
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Ryuma Iwaki, Toshihiro Shoji, Yuichi Matsuzaki, Anudari Ulziibayar, Toshiharu Shinoka
Many variables of tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG) design have been studied to date. An ideal scaffold must provide the desired shape and sufficient strength to withstand mechanical stress. Additionally, a scaffold must promote the correct vascular cell phenotype and offer enough surface area to stimulate cell attachment [6,7]. To encourage cell migration and tissue growth, scaffold structures should be highly porous and provide an area for cells to adhere [8]. Within the scaffold, its porous network provides channels for nutrient delivery, waste removal, cell migration, and cellular and molecular signaling [7]. Initially, scaffolds can be biostable to provide long-term support, and then eventually degrade at a rate equal to tissue regeneration [6]. Additionally, because the regenerated tissue is native to the patient, it would be inherently able to remodel, as well as, non-thrombogenic, non-immunogenic, and non-destructive to blood cell, and corresponding electrolytes. As this technology continues to advance, these patient-friendly devices will provide an affordable and off the shelf ready alternative to prosthetic grafts [9].