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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
As mentioned in the introduction, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell made by reprogramming adult cells to behave like stem cells. Early work on iPSCs involved using a retroviral-based vector to express a set of genes that turn the clock back on the adult cell nucleus, making it behave like a stem cell present back in early development of the organism. (Alberts et al. 2019; Clarke and Frampton 2020; Kurreck and Stein 2016). Researchers are also working to use adenoviral-based vectors to make iPSCs as well (Stadtfeld et al. 2008). Stem cells are important for regenerative medicine due to their potential to form many cell types of the body, not just one specialized kind. The goal of regenerative medicine is to replace tissues that are affected by disease or worn out with age. Future research will involve further fine-tuning of the iPSC approach to see if these cells can be effectively used to treat patients. Beyond making pluripotent stem cells themselves, researchers are also developing adenoviral vectors to express certain growth factors needed in the tissue specialization process, such as to make bone, to make particular tissues for regenerative purposes (Lee et al. 2017).
Application of Stem Cell and Exosome-Based Therapy in COVID-19
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Suleyman Gokhan Kara, Ayla Eker Sariboyaci
MSCs that migrate to the damaged areas can regenerate tissue by differentiation into the target cells. Regeneration can occur even when stem cell transplantation cannot be applied directly to the damaged tissue. The reason is that MSCs can differentiate themselves into tissue cells as well as stimulate local stem cells in the tissue to differentiate. MSC-derived exosomes, which are not cellular structures and therefore cannot differentiate, regenerate tissue in this way. For example, it has been shown that lung stem cells (LSC) play an active role in lung regeneration, and that regeneration is promoted by exogenous stem cell transplantation.
Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Regenerative medicine is a promising area that focuses on therapeutics that restores and improves body functions (Daar and Greenwood 2007). The enormous development in stem cell regenerative therapeutics has given new hope in the field of medicine. It would be expected that there will be a large pool of tissue, organoid, and organs from adult stem cells. It has been speculated that in the coming future, a pharmaceutical compound may be processed such that it may promote cell differentiation to specific tissue or organ. At the same time, due to strict law in certain countries, it prevents the funding and limits the studies only to the less risky projects like UCSCs, BMSCs, and TSPSCs from biopsies.
Cell homing strategy as a promising approach to the vitality of pulp-dentin complexes in endodontic therapy: focus on potential biomaterials
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Zahra Safari, Sayed Soroush Sadat Kachouei, Ramin Zabeti Jahromi, Nastaran Atashkar, Amirreza Karbalaeihasanesfahani, Mahdieh Alipour, Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Simin Sharifi, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
As previously mentioned, dental pulp tissue engineering regenerates pulp-like tissue with the help of biomaterials to treat inflamed pulp or necrosis. In this strategy, stem cells play a crucial role in tissue regeneration. To date, various studies have been performed on the regeneration of pulp and dentin tissue with the help of dental stem cells transplanted into damaged tooth tissue of large and small animals [2,52]. However, the results of studies have shown that cell-based therapy has many problems in clinical translation and goes through complex steps from cell isolation to pulp tissue preparation. Also, allograft transplantation has the problem of cell survival, high cost, rejection of the cell by the recipient tissue, pathogen transmission, and tumorigenesis. In this case, this technique cannot be an excellent alternative to dental implants and routine dental tissue treatments [53,54]. The cell homing approach solves the problems of cell-to-tooth transplantation. It regenerates dentin or pulp by invoking endogenous host stem cells into damaged tooth tissue with the help of biological signaling molecules [55,56]. This approach is clinically easier than cell transplantation because it does not require isolating and preparing stem cells in vitro [17,57,58]. The cell homing strategy involves bioactive scaffolds with signaling molecules injected into the root canal to recruit endogenous stem cells around the root, including PDLSCs, SCAP, and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) into an anatomic compartment of the root canal [6,59].
The Development, Growth, and Regeneration of the Crystalline Lens: A Review
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
In 1901, Thomas Hunt Morgan published “Regeneration”, in which he summarized and evaluated the preceding work on regenerative biology and recontextualized the field of study as inextricably linked to developmental biology. He viewed regeneration as a fundamental developmental process widespread between species instead of cases of adaptation independently arising at different branches of the tree of life. Morgan also established that regeneration occurs in one of two main categories: epimorphosis and morphallaxis. Epimorphosis refers to the regeneration of new tissue involving cell proliferation and morphallaxis involves the remodelling of existing tissue without cellular proliferation. Wolffian regeneration in salamanders as well as the other types of lens regeneration discussed in this review are all examples of epimorphosis where the new lens arises from proliferating cells.10,16,18
Expression and role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in tissue regeneration: a study of hypoxia in house gecko tail regeneration
Published in Organogenesis, 2019
Titta Novianti, Vetnizah Juniantito, Ahmad Aulia Jusuf, Evy Ayu Arida, Sri Widia A. Jusman, Mohamad Sadikin
Vertebrates’ tissue regeneration processes vary. Vertebrate tissues contain adult stem cells that play important roles in tissue regeneration, turnover, and homeostasis.1,12 Regeneration is a very complex process involving cell division, migration, dedifferentiation, and the transdifferentiation of differentiated cells, all of which contribute to regeneration in several different contexts.13 These processes require high energy levels, but since environmental oxygen remains constant at 21% vol. regenerating tissue undergoes a state of relative hypoxia. However, it has been shown that multicellular aerobic organisms are equipped with a mechanism to overcome hypoxic conditions.14 At the molecular level, aerobic cells have transcription factors that control the expression of genes that can give cells the ability to escape hypoxic conditions. Specifically, two proteins, Hypoxia Inducible Factors 1 and 2 (HIF-1 and HIF-2), can upregulate the expressions of erythropoietin, vascular endothelium growth factor, glycolytic enzymes, Glutathione, and others enzyme.15