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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
The periodontium is comprised of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingiva (Bottino et al. 2012; Sowmya et al. 2013). Cementum and alveolar bone are mineralised tissues. PDL is a fibrous tissue that attaches the root cementum of a tooth to the host alveolar bone (Liu et al. 2019). Periodontal disease is initiated by pathogenic bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammation of the gingiva without clinical evidence of breakdown of the periodontium is considered reversible and characteristic of gingivitis. Periodontitis, however, involves an irreversible breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root of the tooth and alveolar bone resorption, attributable primarily to the immune and inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. Progressive periodontal destruction results in tooth mobility (loose teeth) and tooth loss. In nearly 50% of adults, the host response to oral bacteria leads to periodontitis, with progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus. Severe periodontitis is relatively prevalent, affecting as many as 8–15% of the entire global population (Frencken et al. 2017). Moreover, alveolar bone loss and periodontal defects due to congenital birth defects, traumatic injury, tumours, and other infectious conditions may lead to the need for alveolar bone reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, or both. Indeed, alveolar bone defects have been associated with a decrease in the health and quality of life for millions of people (Bottino et al. 2012).
Osteoporosis
Published in Peter V. Giannoudis, Thomas A. Einhorn, Surgical and Medical Treatment of Osteoporosis, 2020
Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V. Giannoudis
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that accounts for up to 10% of the noncollagenous proteins of the bone matrix. It is the product of osteoblasts and odontoblasts; hence, it is relatively limited to mineralized tissues. It is believed to be an adhesion molecule of cells to the extracellular matrix and facilitates the organization of the extracellular matrix.
Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Enamel Development
Published in Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Roger Shore, Dental Enamel, 2017
Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, William A. Bonass, Roger C. Shore, Steven J. Brookes
The architecture of the mature mineralized tissues clearly results from a highly controlled series of extracellular events. The ubiquitous presence of highly organized organic matrices in which the crystals of biological apatite develop points to a key role for such matrices in controlling if not dictating tissue structure.
Alveolar bone measurements in magnetic resonance imaging compared with cone beam computed tomography: a pilot, ex-vivo study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
João Marcus de Carvalho e Silva Fuglsig, Brian Hansen, Lars Schropp, Donald R. Nixdorf, Ann Wenzel, Rubens Spin-Neto
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an indispensable diagnostic modality in medicine for soft-tissue-related diagnosis and treatment planning [6,7]. However, diagnosis and treatment planning in implant dentistry depends mostly on the accurate presentation of the mineralized tissues, including bone [8]. Spatial resolution of current in vivo MRI techniques is inferior to CBCT [8,9]. An MRI sequence is a number of radiofrequency pulses and gradients that produces images with a particular contrast. Most often, the signal obtained in MRI is generally obtained from matter with slower magnetisation decay than crystalline tissues (i.e. mineralized components from bone) [10]. The depiction of crystalline tissue may be possible with a few dedicated imaging sequences, including those with ultra-short echo times and even ‘zero-echo-time’ MRI (ZTE-MRI) [10]. These pulse sequences enable the visualisation of materials with very rapidly decaying signals and has been demonstrated to allow MRI-based bone [11] and dentine/enamel depiction [12,13].
Efficacy of platelet rich fibrin with and without metformin in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
Aishwarya S. Ikhar, Rajashri A. Kolte, Abhay P. Kolte, Aishwarya R. Purohit, Rahul N. Dahake
Due to potential transmission of the disease and deficit donor material, the use of autogenous grafts & allografts for the regeneration of periodontal osseous defects has been constrained. This propelled the evolution of alloplasts or synthetic bone substitutes for periodontal utilizations [5,6]. As a regenerative material, autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) can be used alone or as a scaffold for other graft materials [7]. Three generations of APCs have been established so far. PRF is the second generation of APCs with a simple preparation technique that does not require the use of any chemical additives [8]. It is a polymerized fibrin network that comprises cytokines, glycemic chains, and structural glycoproteins that aid in the healing process [9]. It has been found to be effective in stimulating cell processes that are favourable for periodontal regeneration, resulting in the formation of mineralized tissue in periodontal osseous defects [10–12].
Effects of long noncoding RNA H19 on cementoblast differentiation, mineralisation, and proliferation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Yunru Hao, Yunlong Wang, Mingyuan Du, Leilei Wang, Zhijian Liu, Chen Zhang, Zhengguo Cao, Hong He
The tooth cementum is a layer of thin and bone-like mineralised tissue covering the root surface. The two ends of periodontal ligament fibres insert into the alveolar bone and the cementum respectively, anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. Defects in the cementum weaken the attachment function and can even lead to tooth loss. Thus, the integrity of cementum is a noteworthy aspect for orthodontic treatment and is also considered to be the most critical part of successful periodontal regeneration [1]. Cementoblasts located along tooth root surfaces are responsible for cementum matrix deposition and mineralisation. Similar to osteoblasts, cementoblasts also express Runx2 [2–4], Sp7 [5,6] and Ibsp [7,8], which participate in the regulation of cementoblasts and the development of cementum. However, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms are still needed.