China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
How to Assess Your Risk Using CHD Scoring Tests
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Biomarkers:MCP-3: immune cell direction and activity.sFas: prevents apoptosis (cell death).Fas ligand: initiates cell recycling and death.Eotaxin: activates immune cells in areas of injury.CTACK: helps to clean up damaged cells.IL-16: recruits and activates immune cells and indicates inflammation.HGF: stimulates tissue repair.
Identifying Breast Cancer Treatment Biomarkers Using Transcriptomics
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET gene is a very well-known proto-oncogene that has been found to be involved in multiple cancers including breast cancer. The HGF/c-Met pathway has been shown to be associated with breast cancer. This gene controls many cellular functions important for organ development and cancer progression. A variety of cancers have reported anomalous transcriptional signalling in this gene. Aberrant transcription in this gene has been reported extensively (Miglio et al., 2018). Demethylation of the antisense promoter of the LINE-1 in the second intron of this gene produces antisense transcripts which were found to be enriched in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high-grade carcinomas. Higher levels of the aberrant transcript have been strongly correlated with aggressive cancers. Interestingly, cell lines expressing the aberrant transcript were initially identified in silico. This highlights the importance of transcriptomics-based analysis using RNA-Seq for proto-oncogene biomarker detection and its usefulness. There are many public resources like euL1db (Mir et al., 2014) (http://eul1db.ircan.org/), which report transposable elements in the human genome and can be useful in understanding the correlation between genome polymorphism and phenotype and disease.
Satellite cells and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Neil R.W. Martin, Adam P. Sharples
HGF is present in the ECM surrounding skeletal muscle fibres (90,91), and satellite cells themselves express HGF and its receptor c-met (90, 92–94). HGF binding to c-met is known to activate multiple signalling pathways which result in entry of cells into the cell cycle (95), and studies on isolated satellite cells and whole muscle extracts have demonstrated that HGF is able to activate satellite cells from quiescence and induce proliferation (90,92). Importantly, there is evidence that HGF may be crucial for exercise mediated satellite cell activation because mechanical loading of quiescent satellite cells in vitro induces their activation and proliferation in a HGF dependent manner (94), whereby loading releases HGF from the matrix, enabling its binding to c-met on satellite cells. In humans, an acute bout of eccentric exercise increased HGF levels within muscle biopsy samples, and HGF levels were augmented in the blood (36) suggesting release of HGF from damaged muscle. There were also increased levels of proteins involved in the cleavage of an inactive form of HGF (pro-HGF) to its active form (36). Collectively, these observations make HGF a strong candidate as a stimulus for satellite cell activation following exercise.
Effects of hepatocyte growth factor-transfected mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine injured vocal folds
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Xingqiao Xie, Xumao Li, Xinsheng Lin, Xiangyu Chen, Chenshan Zhang, Guangbin Sun
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional polypeptide that plays an important role in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue regeneration (Kumai 2019). HGF exerts antifibrotic properties by promoting matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secreted by fibroblasts and inhibiting the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), thus increasing the synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) and reducing the production of type I collagen. However, the effects of HGF cannot be sustained over a long duration due to its short half-life (Xu and Fan 2021). However, in its genetic form coupled with a recombinant lentivirus transfected into ADSCs, the biological effects of HGF can be sustained over a long period (Martínez-Molina et al. 2020). Therefore, HGF-transfected ADSCs may exert sustained beneficial effects compared to growth factor therapy or stem cell therapy alone (Zhu et al. 2013). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of HGF-transfected ADSCs by evaluating the morphological and histological changes of injured canine VFs.
Renal fibrosis as a hallmark of diabetic kidney disease: potential role of targeting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and related molecules
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Jiali Tang, Fang Liu, Mark E. Cooper, Zhonglin Chai
HGF is a multifunctional polypeptide which has been characterized as an endogenous renoprotective factor that possesses potent antifibrotic activity [207]. HGF signaling occurs through its receptor, the tyrosine kinase c-met. It has been shown that HGF counteracts the profibrotic actions of TGF-β signaling pathway via at least three distinct mechanisms [207]. Firstly, HGF inhibits nuclear localization of Smad2/3 by phosphorylation and activation of Erk1/2 since Erk-mediated linker region phosphorylation can prevent Smad2/3 from undergoing nuclear translocation [208,209]. Secondly, HGF prevents the degradation of TGIF, a Smad transcriptional corepressor [210]. Finally, HGF increases the expression of SnoN, another Smad transcriptional corepressor [211]. All these actions result in the suppression of transcription of TGF-β target genes, such as collagens and αSMA, leading to attenuation of renal fibrosis.
Profiling and Bioinformatic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Cytokines in Aqueous Humor of High Myopic Eyes – Clues for Anti-VEGF Injections
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Xiangjia Zhu, Yu Du, Roger J.W. Truscott, Wenwen He, Peng Zhou, Yi Lu
Levels of growth factors in aqueous humor were closely correlated with an axial length of the eyeball, in that GDF-15, HGF and PDGF-AA were positively correlated with the axial length and VEGF was negatively correlated with the axial length. Among the four altered growth factors in high myopic eyes, GDF-15 is a ubiquitously distributed member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)- β superfamily, participating in inflammation and fibrosis of various tissues such as glioma, lung and atrial tissue through TGF-β signaling.21–23 HGF is a multi-functional cytokine regulating cellular behaviors including cell growth, cell migration, and morphogenesis, which is reportedly capable of stimulating the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells.24 PDGF-AA is a potent mitogen for various cells such as fibroblasts. Significantly higher levels of PDGF-AA were found in vitreous of patients with idiopathic ERM and PDGF-AA signaling was highly activated in the human ERM tissue.25,26 VEGF is an essential signal protein that stimulates angiogenesis and vascular leakage.27 In general, except that VEGF is an angiogenic mediator, GDF-15, HGF and PDGF-AA are all pro-fibrotic cytokines, which possibly play parts in the fibrosis-related pathologies in high myopic eyes and all their expressions changed in a linear manner with axial length.