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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Silymarin is a known hepatoprotective agent and is extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Figure 23.3A). Silychristin (Figure 23.3B) is found within silymarin and is associated with both inflammation and immunomodulation. This compound has shown to exhibit hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity (Škottová and Krečman, 1998; Krečman et al., 1998; Katiyar, 2005; Lee et al., 2007; Lu et al., 2019). In a study conducted by Shen et al. (2019), it was found that silibinin and silymarin have the ability to improve memory impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease through their regulatory effect on the composition of the gut microbiota of APP/PS1 mice (Shen et al., 2019).
Improved Silymarin Characteristics for Clinical Applications by Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Maryam Tabarzad, Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh, Tahereh Hosseinabadi
Protective effects of silymarin on the renal system have also been reported, considering that this effect is mainly related to silybin and silychristin components. Silymarin component can be concentrated in kidney cells and have an influential effect in cellular repairing and regeneration by the enhancement of bio-macromolecules synthesis, including proteins and nucleic acids. Various studies have confirmed that silymarin has a protective role in diabetic nephropathy and effectively prevented nephropathy-induced premature death in diabetic patients (Rafieian-Kopaie and Nasri, 2012). Through a randomized controlled trial, it was found that silymarin could also reduce proteinuria in type 2 diabetes patients with diagnosed nephropathy that may be relevant to silymarin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Moreover, combination therapy of silymarin with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors was evaluated, and it was found that silymarin could reduce urinary excretion of albumin, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde and therefore, reduce proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy (Fallahzadeh et al., 2012).
Mode of Action of Selected Botanicals That Lower Blood Glucose
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Silymarin is a flavonoid mixture composed of silybin, silydianin, and silychristin, active components of the plant milk thistle (Silybum marianum) (Rui. 1991). Aside from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities, the modes of action through which silymarin and/or milk thistle exert antidiabetic activity are not well understood, but it has nevertheless been shown to improve the glycemic profile (Huseini, Larijani, Heshmat et al. 2006; Hussain. 2007).
Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) supplementation on the serum levels of oxidative stress markers in male half marathon athletes
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Fouad Boukazoula, Djamila Ayari
SM, a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, is native to Southern Europe, Southern Russia, Asia Minor, and Northern Africa (Ottai and Abdel-Moniem 2006), which contains a mixture of flavonolignans. The major active component of SM is silymarin. Silymarin is a mixture of silibinin A and B (silybin A and B), silydianin, and silychristin. Other flavonolignans include isosilybin A and B, isosilychristin, and taxifolin (Stolf et al. 2017). The antioxidant capacity of SM has been confirmed by many authors, however, most studies have only been based on the evaluation of its fruits extracts (Lucini et al. 2016, Chambers et al. 2017). Extracts of SM, particularly from seeds, are used as a valuable source of natural antioxidants in different industries, for example, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. The leaves and flowers are also known to be a source of biologically active compounds, as well as those with an antioxidant capacity (Nowak et al. 2021). In the current study, the results of the total polyphenol assay showed that the highest levels were recorded in the leaves extract. However, the flavonoid content in the aqueous extract is lower in leaves than in seeds. A comparison of the antioxidant activities shows a good antioxidant capacity of the leaves extracts compared to the seeds.
Herbal antioxidants in dialysis patients: a review of potential mechanisms and medical implications
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Masoumeh Asgharpour, Amirhesam Alirezaei
Silymarin is a flavonoid isolated for the first time in 1968 from the seed extract of milk thistle plant [59] which is mainly a mixture of lignin-derived flavonols, including silybin, silydianin, silychristin, and isosilybin [60]. Silymarin has a relatively safe profile without any side effects [61] which can neutralize harmful free radicals and inhibit oxidation of lipid cell membranes [62]. The protective features of silymarin are due to the flavonoid complex silybin, which is a potential antioxidant agent and scavenge ROS produced in normal metabolic processes and during the neutralization of toxic substances. Silymarin also enhances concentrations of endogenous antioxidants such as, GSH-Px, and SOD [63]. Because of anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, silymarin is considered as a natural agent for the prevention and treatment of liver and kidney disorders [64,65].
Characterization of glutathione conjugates derived from reactive metabolites of seven silymarin isomers
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Yan Chen, Jing Yu, Xu Wang, Hui Li, Xu Mao, Ying Peng, Jiang Zheng
The incubation mixture was prepared in a final volume of 0.5 mL phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 100 mM), containing rat or human liver microsomes (1.0 mg protein/mL), MgCl2 (3.2 mM), silychristin A (0.1 mM). The incubation reactions were initiated by addition of NADPH (final concentration: 1.0 mM). Control samples did not contain NADPH. After 60 min at 37 °C, the reaction mixtures were vortex-mixed, followed by addition of ice-cold acetonitrile to precipitate protein and centrifugation at 16,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatants were aspirated and dried under a stream of nitrogen (40 °C) and then reconstituted in 100 μL of acetonitrile/water (1:1, v/v) and the reconstituted solution was injected to LC-MS/MS for analysis. Similar procedure was executed for the treatment of the other six components of silymarin, including silychristin B, silydianin, silybins A and B, and isosilybins A and B.