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Liver Disease—Alcoholic Hepatitis/Cirrhosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Silymarin is an extract of milk thistle. There is substantial evidence suggesting that silymarin treatment improves hepatic diseases.15 Four of six studies regarding milk thistle and chronic alcoholic liver disease reported significant improvement in at least one measurement of liver function (i.e., aminotransferases, albumin, and/or malondialdehyde) or histologic findings.16 A clinical study conducted in 170 cirrhosis patients treated with 140 mg of silymarin three times daily for 41 months showed significant improvement.17
Inflammatory Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Herbal Drug Discovery
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mahfoozur Rahman, Ankit Sahoo, Mohammad Atif, Sarwar Beg
Milk thistle may have anti-inflammatory characteristics that may be helpful to people with diabetes. People have been using thistle as atonie for the liver and many different ailments since ancient times. Silymarin is a compound that has been given the greatest attention by scientists with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These are the properties which can make milk thistle a useful herb for diabetes patients. Many of the silymarin studies are promising but, according to one review published in 2016, the research is not strong enough to recommend the herb or extract alone for diabetes. No side effect report appears and as a supplement, many people take milk thistle. However, it is best to talk to a doctor first before using any supplement.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Silibinin has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial in which 13 grams daily was found to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Asymptomatic liver toxicity (i.e., elevation of alanine aminotransferase and hyperbilirubinemia) was the most commonly observed adverse event. In 2012, a study suggested that silymarin exhibits a chemoprotective effect on hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common form of liver cancer. It was suggested that the components of silymarin may work by scavenging reactive oxygen species, stabilizing membranes, inhibiting fibrogenesis, inducing apoptosis, and promoting hepatocyte regeneration.
Interactive effects of zinc oxide nano particles and different light regimes on growth and silymarin biosynthesis in callus cultures of Silybum marianum L.
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Muhammad aamir Shehzad, Mubarak Ali Khan, Amir Ali, Sher Mohammad, Ahmed Noureldeen, Hadeer Darwish, Asif Ali, Ayaz Ahmad, Tariq Khan, Raham Sher Khan
Silybum marianum, also called milk thistle, cardus marianus, blessed thistle, is a vital medicinal plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae [10]. It is an annual or biennial plant initially found in the Mediterranean region but is now found in many parts throughout the world. The phytochemical profile depicts the presence of a variety of bio-actives in S. maranum. The principal component is called silymarin which is a mixture of six isomeric flavonolignans including silydianin, silychristin, di-stereoisomers of silybin (silybin A & B), and di-stereoisomers of isosilybin (isosilybin A & B) [11]. Silymarin is a potent medicine clinically prescribed for the treatment of hepatic disorders. It also has promising anti-carcinogenic effects, such as inhibition of human prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical and skin cancer [12]. It can help to protect human hepatic tissues by scavenging the free radicals and neutralizing the influence of oxidative damage [13]. Silymarin extract has also been proposed to be more effective for the treatment of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), thalassaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disorder (NAFLD), diseases [14]. Recent studies have emphasized on the potential use of silymarin as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent by inhibiting the NF-B pathway [15]. It has also been employed as an alternative source of medicine for the treatment of metabolic syndrome disease in humans and animals [16].
Silymarin loaded floating polymer(s) microspheres: characterization, in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Afaf A. Ramadan, Asmaa M. Elbakry, Hatem A. Sarhan, Salwa H. Ali
Silymarin is 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)-2-(hydroxy-methyl)-1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl]-4-chromanone. It is administered mainly as anti-hepatotoxic drug. As it is considered a free radical scavenger, with hepato-protective activity, so it is recommended to be administered for treatment of liver diseases from different etiology (Federico et al. 2017). Also silymarin possess an antioxidant activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation and stabilize the membrane. It is considered a complex mixture of four flavonolignan isomers (silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin). Thus silymarin is considered a drug of interest for its wide pharmacological effect. Silymarin is characterized by yellow color and very poor solubility in water (0.04 mg/ml) which make it a good candidate for gastro-retentive drug delivery system (Arora et al. 2005). Encapsulation of Silymarin inside microspheres leads to high efficiency of drug release accompanied with control of this release from polymeric membrane which leads to maintained concentration with longer time. Silymarin suffering from short lasting action, low enzymatic stability and fast clearance, thus it is considered an excellent model drug for gastro-retentive dosage form.
Anti-hepatofibrosis effect of Allium senescens in activated hepatic stellate cells and thioacetamide-induced fibrosis rat model
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Gwang-Mo Shin, Sushruta Koppula, Yun-Jin Chae, Hyun-Su Kim, Jae-Dong Lee, Myong-Ki Kim, MinDong Song
It is well known that abnormal activation of HSCs and dysregulation in HSC proliferation and apoptosis are key events involved in liver fibrosis (Benyon and Iredale 2000; Bataller and Brenner 2005). Therefore inhibition of HSC activation and inducing apoptosis might serve in preventing or treating liver fibrosis. In the present study, silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is used as a positive control. Silymarin possesses strong antioxidant effects and has been used as a promising agent to treat alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis and toxin-induced liver diseases in clinical and hepatofibrotic experimental animals (Vargas-Mendoza et al. 2014). However, the complexity of the silymarin absorption, disposition, nature of various flavonoids and extensive first-pass metabolism, limitations in the silymarin treatment for severe liver damage urges researchers to discover complementary and alternative therapeutic agents. Currently, research on the development of anti-hepatofibrosis agents is primarily focused on traditional medicines especially from natural products of plant origin. In this study, A. senescens extract was found promising for treating hepatofibrosis in HSCs in vitro and TAA-induced liver fibrosis experimental rat model.