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Improved Silymarin Characteristics for Clinical Applications by Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Maryam Tabarzad, Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh, Tahereh Hosseinabadi
Silybum marianum (milk thistle) is a biennial plant that belongs to the Compositae (Asteraceae) family, indigenous to the Mediterranean region of Europe, which is the richest source of silymarin. The seeds produce 1.5%–3% of flavonolignans, which is collectively referred to as silymarin. Commercial extracts usually comprise approximately 80% flavonolignans. In traditional medicine of Europe, the most widely used plant is milk thistle. The fruits of this plant are used to treat various types of liver diseases and several other illnesses (Dewick, 2002). It is an old medicinal herb which has been consumed for centuries in treating various conditions such as hepatic and gallbladder diseases, liver protection against snake and insect stings, alcohol abuse, and poisoning with mushroom (Karimi et al., 2011). Other parts of the milk thistle plant, such as the sprouts and stems, also contain silymarin, but the seeds are the most concentrated part.
Nutraceuticals as Supplements for Cancer Prevention
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Nicholas Micciche, Brianna Choyce, Yashwant V. Pathak
Milk thistle, Silybum marianum, has been used for centuries for various health conditions such as liver and biliary disorders. The main active components of milk thistle, flavonoids and flavonolignans, can be found in dried milk thistle. Silymarin, a combination of flavonolignans and one flavonoid, constitutes up to 80% of milk thistle extract [59]. Silymarin has been studied extensively in clinical trials in patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis and is the only known drug that is effective in protecting the liver from the Amanita phalloides toxin that targets the organ [60–62]. Silymarin has also demonstrated efficacy in preventing chemotherapy-induced adverse effects such as hand–foot syndrome and oral mucositis [63,64].
Selected Botanicals and Plant Products That Lower Blood Glucose (Continued)
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The term “flavonolignans” is used to refer to seven compounds with the prefix sily- or isosily- (Kroll, Shaw, and Oberlies. 2007). These compounds are shown at the website https://examine.com/supplements/milk-thistle/#ref4.
Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
In this review, complete 68 potent purified flavonoids classified in Table 1 and depicted in Figures 1–7, were capable of reversing AD-like pathology in model organisms such as rat, mouse, zebrafish or Caenorhabditis elegans, or in cell models. They were grouped into flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, and their metabolism in vivo and in vitro was systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primary involved phase I and II metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies relationships or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to counteract AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse flavonoids potential for AD treatment and aiming at elucidation of their mechanism of actions on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Mechanisms of oral absorption improvement for insoluble drugs by the combination of phospholipid complex and SNEDDS
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Yingpeng Tong, Qin Zhang, Wen Shi, Jianxin Wang
Silybum marianum is a famous herbal medicine widely used in treating liver diseases for 2000 years. Flavonolignan silybin (Figure 1(A)) is considered as its main active ingredient. The action of silybin in the treatment and prevention of liver disorders can be mainly contributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo (Federico et al., 2015; Ou et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018). It receives more and more attentions recently due to the new activities in nontraditional applications, such as anticancer (Zhang et al., 2016; McCormick et al., 2018), neuroprotective activity (Ares et al., 2018), skin protection (Svobodova et al., 2018), etc. However, served as a BCS class II drug, the poor water solubility and intestinal absorption capacity of silybin, resulting in very low bioavailability, will hamper its possible therapeutic applications. Silybin–phospholipid complex (SB–PC) has been developed and could give significantly higher plasma levels by oral administration compared with silymarin or silybin according to the studies on rats (Yanyu et al., 2006; Duan et al., 2011; Angelico et al., 2014) or human beings (Abenavoli et al., 2015; Malaguarnera et al., 2015; Nahum et al., 2019). In addition, SB–PC has been demonstrated to be well tolerated in preclinical and clinical studies (Barzaghi et al., 1990). Therefore, silybin was chosen as a model drug in this study to elucidate the absorption improvement mechanisms of PC and its SNEDDS.
Enhancement of anticancer activity by silibinin and paclitaxel combination on the ovarian cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Fatima Pashaei-Asl, Roghiyeh Pashaei-Asl, Khodadad Khodadadi, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Esmaeil Ebrahimie, Maryam Pashaiasl
Silibinin, a natural flavonolignan, is used for liver diseases in clinical trial around the world [9]. Furthermore, several studies have shown silibinin has anticancer effects in a wide spectrum of human cancers [9–12]. Silibinin is free from adverse effects and has nontoxic consumption. Silibinin induces apoptosis in various human cancer cells such as colon, prostate, lung and bladder [13–16]. Consequently, paclitaxel and silibinin combination could eliminate paclitaxel side effects. In this study, we have explored the toxicity effects of silibinin and paclitaxel on human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3). Then, the mechanisms of silibinin and paclitaxel combination-induced apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells were investigated by expression analysis of two tumour suppressor genes, P53 (TP53: tumour protein P53) and P21 (CDKN1A: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) as well as network analysis.