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Pseudo-Proteins and Related Synthetic Amino Acid-Based Polymers Promising for Constructing Artificial Vaccines
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Key bis-nucleophilic monomers. One of the main advantages of the PPs over other classes of the synthetic AABPs consist in key bis-nucleophilic monomers – diamine-diesters. They are basically synthesized as stable di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salts (TDADEs, Figure 10.8) using a simple and cost-effective procedure – direct thermal condensation of cheap and readily available components such as AAs, diols in refluxed cyclohexane (Katsarava et al. 2016) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (Figure 10.8) which serves as both amino group protector and the condensation reaction catalyst (Katsarava and Gomurashvili 2011). After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, the TDADE is almost quantitatively precipitated (yield up to 95%) and is separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration. The used organic solvent (cyclohexane) can be recycled by distillation and reused. The TDADEs made of hydrophobic AAs are purified by recrystallization from water.Synthesis of diamine-diester monomers (TDADEs) by direct thermal condensation of AAs with fatty diols.
Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Profile of Bacopa monnieri
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Muhammad Shahid, Fazal Subhan, Nazar Ul Islam, Ihsan Ullah, Javaid Alam, Nisar Ahmad, Gowhar Ali
Bacopa monnieri was used traditionally to treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms. The antiplasmodial effect of cyclohexane extract alone has a percent inhibition of 70% and an IC50 of 6.55 μg/mL, while in combination with chloroquine it has percent inhibition and IC50 of 89% and 4.88 μg/mL, respectively (Chenniappan and Kadarkarai 2010).
Scintillation Of Organic Materials
Published in Sam Beddar, Luc Beaulieu, Scintillation Dosimetry, 2018
Marie-Ève Delage, Luc Beaulieu
Figure 1.5 Electronic absorption and absolute fluorescence spectrum of 1,3 -diphenyl-2-pyrazoline (a) and 1-phenyl-3-mesityl-2-pyrazoline (b) in cyclohexane. (Reprinted with permission from Güsten, H. et al., Organic scintillators with unusually large Stokes’ shifts, J. Phys. Chem., 82, 459, 1978. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.)
The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with SP94 modified asymmetrical bilayer lipid-encapsulated Cu(DDC)2 nanoparticles facilitating Cu accumulation in the tumor
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Hao Liu, Yihan Kong, Xue Liang, Zixu Liu, Xueting Guo, Bing Yang, Tian Yin, Haibing He, Jingxin Gou, Yu Zhang, Xing Tang
Tianjin Bodi Chemical Co., Ltd. provided Copper chloride (CuCl2 · 2H2O). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC-Na), Polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether (Lgepal CO 520) and Bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate were offered by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, UK. Cyclohexane was purchased from Tianjin Concord Technology Co. Ltd. N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N,-trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (DOTAP), Cholesterol and1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) were obtained from Shanghai Avanti Pharmaceutical company. 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium salt (DOPA) was obtained from Shanghai Dongshang Medical Technology Co., Ltd. DSPE-PEG2000-SP94 was purchased from Shanghai Chutai Biotechnology Co. Ltd. MCF-7 and HepG2 cells were kindly offered by the Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. In addition, Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co, Ltd offered 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), penicillin/streptomycin, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), the fetal bovine serum (FBS). Shanghai Biyuntian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. provided Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit.
Monitoring of blood lead level in young children using new mode of liquid phase microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Reza Akramipour, Mohammad Reza Golpayegani, Negar Noori, Nazir Fattahi
High-density extraction solvents, which are mostly halogenated, are considered as hazardous to both the users and the environment while less toxic solvents, such as alcohols, alkanes, etc. are well-known for their lower density than aqueous solutions. Thus, selecting an appropriate solvent is one of the most crucial issues to be overcome in CLPME method. The criteria upon which extraction solvents are selected include the nature of the analytes, partial solubility in water and having lower density than water. Hence, six candidates among organic solvents were selected, namely n-hexane,1-octanol, toluene, hexadecane, cyclohexane, and xylene. In order toselect the best extraction solvent, a series of sample solutions were studied by using 30.0 µL each of the solvent mentioned above. Average EF for different extraction solvents are shown in Figure 1(A). The results revealed that cyclohexane has the highest EF in comparison with the other tested solvents. Therefore, cyclohexane was selected as the extraction solvent.
Drug metabolic stability in early drug discovery to develop potential lead compounds
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula, Nimisha Nadimpalli, Rajesh Sonti
Change in the attached ring size and chirality can affect the metabolic stability of the drug. Reducing the ring size and changing the chirality improves metabolic stability. For example, switching from cyclohexane to cyclopropane improved the metabolic stability significantly from a half-life of 14 to 120 min. On the other hand, the change in the chirality from S to R increased the half-life from 14 to 84 min (MacKenzie et al. 2002). Cyclization is another approach to enhance the metabolic stability of drugs. Introducing the labile groups into the cyclic structure reduces the metabolism. For instance, incorporating the methyl group into cyclic structure blocked the metabolism of N-demethylation (MacKenzie et al. 2002).