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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In most pharmaceuticals, epinephrine base is used, sometimes epinephrine hydrochloride (CAS number 55-31-2, EC number 200-230-3, molecular formula C9H=ClNO3) or epinephrine bitartrate (CAS number 51-42-3, EC number 200-097-1, molecular formula C13H19NO9) are employed (1).
A Brief Background
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Figure 1.1 demonstrates how atoms can be arranged to give different molecules from the same molecular formula. Note that the way in which these molecules are drawn is the skeletal formula. Each corner represents a carbon atom; only important heteroatoms are labelled and the remaining valences of the carbon atoms are bonds to hydrogen atoms (not drawn to save convolution). It can be clearly seen that three of the molecules are alcohols (OH) and molecule (c) is a different functional group. The position of the OH is different between molecules (a) and (b), while in molecule (c), the carbon chain has branched. Each of these molecules will have different properties and reactivity.
Organotin Chemistry
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
However, reproducible chemical, physical, and biological studies demand pure compounds of known formula and structure in the phases of interest. Lavoisier transformed chemistry into an exact science by applying separation, isolation, purification, and identification techniques in a process whose further development continues to this day. The goal is to provide the constitution (elements present), composition (empirical formula), molecularity (formula multiple), connectivity (molecular formula), configuration (spatial arrangement), molecular dimensions (shape and size), the packing and interactions between molecules in condensed phases and time-dependent properties which preserve molecular integrity (translation, vibration, rotation, pseudorotation, inversion, fluxionality) or disrupt it (dissociation, exchange, interconversion of isomers).1 Since biology is a watery province, knowledge of the aqueous situation is crucial, but usually least known.
In vitro metabolism assessment of thiacloprid in rainbow trout and rat by LC-UV and high resolution-mass spectrometry
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Jose Serrano, Richard C. Kolanczyk, Brett R. Blackwell, Barbara R. Sheedy, Mark A. Tapper
The accurate mass for THI and metabolites TM1, TM2 and TM3, as determined from LC-HR-MS experiments (M + H), was 253.10226, 228.03574, 126.05475 and 128.02740 Da respectively, with all detected structures within a mass error <7 ppm (see Supplemental Tables S5 and S6). Specifically, LC-MS mass chromatograms of THI slice exposures showed the presence of two isomers for both TM1 and TM2 corresponding to the Z-/E-diastereoisomers of TMI (retention times of 1.189 and 1.437 min, respectively), and the enol-/aldehyde-tautomers of TM2 (0.917 and 1.233 min, respectively; Supplemental Table S6). Diastereoisomers are stereoisomers of the same constitution, but the molecules do not have a mirror-image relationship and have different physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, tautomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different connectivity that are formed in common acid- or base-catalyzed processes.
Patisiran for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Chemical property: molecular formula is C412 H480 N148 Na40 O290 P40, molecular weight is 14304 Da.Mechanism of action: RNAiPharmacokinetics: Cmax is 7.15μg/mL, AUCτ is 184 μg·h/ml, volume of distribution is 0.26 L/kg, terminal elimination half-life is 3.2 ± 1.8 daysIndication: hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosisRoute of administration: intravenous infusionDose: weight less than 100 kg, dosage is 0.3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. weight 100 kg or more, dosage is 30 mg once every 3 weeks.Most frequent side effects: upper respiratory tract infections and infusion-related reactionsClinical trials: phase 1: NCT01559077; phase 2: NCT01617967; phase 3: NCT01960348, NCT02510261
In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against biofilm formation on titanium implant surfaces
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho, Caroline Coradi Tonon, Marilia Ferreira Correia, Renata Serignoli Francisconi, Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini, Élcio Marcantonio, Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
It is necessary to determine the possible toxic effects of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol on cells to evaluate their potential clinical applications. In this study, the cells were exposed for different contact times to the test substances and regardless of the concentration, the results revealed a concentration-and-time-dependent decrease at all the concentrations assayed for carvacrol, terpinen-4-ol and CHX (Figure 4). The monoterpenes carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol are isomeric. Despite having the same molecular formula, these compounds exhibit different levels of cytotoxic activity against cell lines. Thus, unlike the other concentrations evaluated, after 5 min contact time, terpinen-4-ol (0.24%) showed mild-grade cytotoxicity compared with the control group (93.75%) according to the ISO 10993-5 2009 Standard: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices: In vitro Method. This study evaluated the toxic effects of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol on fibroblasts since these cells are involved in the re-osseointegration and osseointegration processes.