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Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
Plastic materials are cheap, lightweight, and adaptable in many food industry sectors, from storing frozen products to microwaveable meals. However, many of them are made from, or contain, petrochemicals (i.e., ethylene) that can be linked to causing acute adverse health effects, such as coughing, dizziness, or shortness of breath (Kongtip, 2013). In addition, the toxins from plastic can negatively impact the marine environment, such as contributing to the spread of invasive microorganisms and bacteria (IUCN, 2018). Furthermore, marine wildlife can suffer from mistaking the plastic debris for prey and either suffer from lacerations or die from starvation.
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
How is surgical equipment sterilised?The majority of surgical instruments and drapes are sterilised using an autoclave (saturated steam at high pressure), at 134°C, a pressure of 2 atm for a holding time of 3 min. This kills all organisms including viruses and heat-resistant spores. The steam penetration is monitored with the Bowie–Dick test, which should be checked prior to every operation.Dry-heat sterilisation is used for moisture-sensitive instruments and those with fine cutting edges. The tools are heated to 160°C for 1 hour.Ethylene oxide is a highly penetrative gas used to sterilise heat-sensitive equipment (rubber, electrical equipment), and it will kill vegetative bacteria, spores and viruses.Gamma irradiation is used in industry to sterilise large batches of single-use items such as catheters and syringes.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Waste anesthetic gases are not the only environmental hazard present in the operating room. Hexachlorophene is under study in Sweden as a suspected human teratogen among hospital personnel.193 Ethylene oxide is widely used as a sterilant and has been found to be an animal carcinogen.193 Linde and Bruce194 have also assessed the exposure of ten anesthetists to ionizing radiation in the operating room over a 6-week period and concluded that under unmonitored conditions, the 100 milligroetgen per week limit could be reached in addition to the chemical hazards of anesthetic gases. As in most work settings when a detailed analysis of the total hazardous environment is made, there is little likelihood that a single active agent is acting in isolation to cause an adverse health effect.
Treating ethylene glycol poisoning with alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition, but without extracorporeal treatments: a systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Jessie Beaulieu, Darren M. Roberts, Sophie Gosselin, Robert S. Hoffman, Valery Lavergne, Knut Erik Hovda, Bruno Megarbane, Derrick Lung, Ruben Thanacoody, Marc Ghannoum
After removal of duplicates, unrelated publications, and exclusions, 96 articles were included in the final analysis (Figure 1), including 14 cohorts with case-level data (authors provided individual case data when these were not reported in the article) [2,6,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53], 82 case reports/case series [5,9,54–133]. A total of 411 cases were included, 347 of which were confirmed quantitatively by the presence of ethylene glycol in blood. The demographics, details of the poisoning, laboratory values and outcomes of included cases are presented in Table 1. When reported, all exposures were acute and all patients ingested ethylene glycol, except two who injected it subcutaneously [113]. One article [48] described a single patient admitted 154 times for ethylene glycol poisoning who received fomepizole monotherapy 63 times and ethanol monotherapy 16 times; case-level data were obtained. No comparative studies or randomized trials were identified. Nineteen cohorts containing no case-level data were excluded from analyses but are discussed [114,134–151].
Interdisciplinary management of peripheral arteriovenous malformations: review of the literature and current proceedings
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Felix F. Strübing, Stefan Porubsky, Amir K. Bigdeli, Volker J. Schmidt, Lena Krebs, U. Kneser, Maliha Sadick
The goal of an embolization must be the total occlusion of the nidus [33–35]. The nidus consists of densely packed, tortuous blood vessels with a very low vascular-resistance tonicity, thereby causing recruitment of collateral inflow and arterialization of the venous system [33,36,37]. Most commonly, liquid casting agents, such as ONYX® or SQUID® (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers), are used in a push and plug technique (see Figure 3) [35]. Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers feature a good safety profile. They have been in use for intracranial embolization for several years and exhibit good permanent occlusion properties [38–40]. Yet, their high costs have to be considered and weighed against its effective embolizing characteristics and safety profile compared to particulate and other liquid embolics. In fast-flow lesions, ethanol or other direct sclerosants may also be applied, but increased care should be taken to avoid washout of the sclerosant due to the very high flow rates in AVMs and potential irreversible nerve damage after ethanol embolization [34].
Effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Arella Cristina Muniz Brito, Isis Morais Bezerra, Maria Heloisa de Souza Borges, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti, Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida
The specimens were prepared using an acrylic resin based on PMMA (TDV®, Brazil) with polymerizable acrylic liquid, heat cured type (TDV®, Brazil), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resin during the plastic phase was deposited in a metal mold, and polymerization was carried out for 60 min at 100 °C. Then, the specimens (20 × 100 mm) were polished with abrasive sandpaper (400 and 600) in a polishing machine (Arotec®, São Paulo, Brazil) (Santana et al. 2013; Cavalcanti et al. 2014), and the mean surface roughness was determined (5.30 ± 3.94 µm) on a profilometer (CCI MP, Taylor Hobson, England) for specimen allocation in 24-compartment plates. The measurements were made at two different points of the specimen, with an increase of 20 × (WD = 4.7 mm), considering the measurement standards xyz (512 × 512 pixels) with a speed of 3×. The specimens were sterilized in ethylene oxide.