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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Musk is the secretion of an abdominal gland of the musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), a small, hornless deer species living in high plateaus of East Asia (Himalayas, Siberia). In the past, the animals were killed and the sac containing the secretion cut out. These sacs were dried and marketed. It contained a black brown, grainy mass with ammonia-animalic odor. The actual erogenic-animalic, dry woody musk odor develops on preparation of a tincture in 70-80% slightly alkaline ethanol. The musk tincture was used in the production of expensive luxury perfumes. Its major odor substance was muscone. Genuine musk is no longer used in Europe and the USA. It has been completely substituted by synthetic musk (2).
Photoallergy
Published in Henry W. Lim, Nicholas A. Soter, Clinical Photomedicine, 2018
Musk ambrette is a synthetic fragrance fixative used primarily in men’s cosmetics because of its potent floral odor. Related chemicals extracted from the scent glands of animals and from some plants have been used for years as fixatives and enhancers in perfumes. In the 1970s and 1980s, huge quantities were used in the United States in various cosmetics, primarily men’s after shave lotions and colognes. Concentrations of musk ambrette as high as 15% were used in such products. In the late 1970s reports of photoallergy began to appear in the literature. By the 1980s this agent was the most frequently reported cause of photoallergic contact dermatitis (22). Many of the men sensitized to musk ambrette developed persistent light reactivity/chronic actinic dermatitis. In 1985, the International Fragrance Association recommended that musk ambrette not be utilized in products in contact with skin. In other products a concentration of 4% or less is recommended (23).
Chemical hazards *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Lisa Smeester, Andrew E. Yosim, Rebecca C. Fry
Mechanistic studies in zebrafish have shown synthetic musks to have antiestrogenic effects (Schreurs et al., 2004); however, despite detectable levels of synthetic musk fragrances found in blood plasma and breast milk (Hutter et al., 2005, 2010), to date little is known about potential health effects in humans.
Effects of Teriflunomide on B Cell Subsets in MuSK-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Vuslat Yilmaz, Canan Ulusoy, Sabastian Hajtovic, Recai Turkoglu, Murat Kurtuncu, John Tzartos, Konstantinos Lazaridis, Erdem Tuzun
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent and B cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) characterized by pathogenic serum autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) (Cetin et al. 2018; Tuzun et al. 2013). MG associated with MuSK antibodies (MuSK-MG) has a severe and often treatment-resistant disease course requiring long-term immunosuppression with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents, which may lead to opportunistic infections, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus (Evoli et al. 2018). More specific treatments are needed for MuSK-MG, due to its severity and strong side effect profile of existing drugs. It has also highlighted the potential for DMD use in long-term management of the disease as opposed to only in attack periods.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of myasthenia gravis
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2021
Deepak Menon, Alejandra Urra Pincheira, Vera Bril
Chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR) T cells have been described in the treatment for mucosal pemphigus vulgaris, a disorder caused by autoantibodies against desoglein 3 (DSG3), causing painful mucosal blisters [96]. T cells modified to target receptors on autoreactive B cells, known as chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells or CAAR-T cells, has immense promise [92,97]. Pre-clinical studies have also found efficacy in various animal models of autoimmune disorders including autoimmune encephalomyelitis and lupus [93] The CAAR-T cells designed to harbor autoantibody receptors, bind to B cells by means of the specific autoantibodies expressed by them and bring about their elimination [90]. Preliminary in vitro testing in mouse model using MUSK CAAR T cells found this line of treatment both safe and effective [98]. MuSK chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR) T cells for antigen-specific cellular immunotherapy targets only B cells expressing the anti-MuSK antibody on their surface, thereby making it highly specific for only pathogenic B cells while preserving the normal B cells [99]. This highly targeted therapy is been designed specifically for MuSK patients and a clinical trial is being planned.
Traditional Korean Art Materials as Therapeutic Media: Multicultural Expansion Through Materials in Art Therapy
Published in Art Therapy, 2021
Sojung Park, Hyunjung Lee, Seungeun Kim, Yuri Kim
Notably, those creating Meok add medicinal herbs and spices, such as musk, whose scents may calm the mind and body. The slow and monotonous movements of grinding are necessary to achieve the quality of Meok, though it is more critical to prepare the mind before painting. Chou and Bae (2002) reiterated that these repetitive motions stimulate the hypothalamus in the interbrain, leading to a state of tranquility and high awareness. Therefore, the process of grinding Meok on Byeoru enables meditation by engaging all the human senses. This meditative yet time-consuming process dovetails with Korean Seonbi ideology, as creating the harmony between Meok and Byeoru symbolizes one’s efforts to align with nature. Accordingly, many believed that true Sumukhwa reflected the essence of the painter’s mind, and grinding in mindfulness remains an integral part of the artistic process in Korea (Chou & Bae, 2002).