China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pre-Hospital Care
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Once on scene a dynamic risk assessment is made. The clinician considers ‘live’ information and uses this to make a more accurate assessment of the on-scene hazards and the risks to the safety of both the patient and the emergency personnel. Once the first on-scene clinician has assessed the scene, they will update ambulance control with further details of the incident. This update is commonly passed in the form of an ETHANE report. This scene summary will allow ambulance control to allocate further resources if deemed to be required and gives those responding resources pertinent information about the job they are being allocated to.
Iron, Oxygen Stress, and The Preterm Infant
Published in Bo Lönnerdal, Iron Metabolism in Infants, 2020
During intrauterine life, oxygen delivery via the placenta ensures a fetal arterial oxygen tension (pO2) of 20 to 35 torr.31 At birth, the newborn infant is exposed to the 21% environmental oxygen tension and the arterial pO2 during the first hour of life is raised to about 50 to 60 torr.32 This increase in pO2 is accompanied by a 50% increase in O2 consumption.33 The rapid change from a relatively hypoxic to a relatively hyperoxic environment, in addition to an increase in the amount of oxygen that is metabolized, will increase the risk of oxygen-mediated toxicity in the infant. Indirect evidence also exists that this increased load of oxygen may have untoward effects on the newborn infant. In a recent study, Wispe et al.34 found higher levels of ethane and pentane in the expired air from newborn infants compared to adults. Ethane and pentane are derived from the peroxidative decomposition of linolenic and linoleic acid. Therefore, the amounts of these compounds in expired air will be an indirect measure of the in vivo peroxidative degradation of those fatty acids.35,36 A possible cause of an increased peroxidation of lipids in the newborn infant is an incomplete development of oxygen defense mechanisms.
Microsomal Oxidation of Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Agents
Published in Robert A. Greenwald, CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
Arthur I. Cederbaum, Gerald Cohen
The production of ethane or methane is determined by gas chromatography using a 1-mℓ sample of the head space. Flasks are left at room temperature. Operating conditions and column are identical to those described for the determination of ethylene. The retention time for methane is 0.50 min while that for ethane is about 2.2 min. Some background methane is present in the room air. After the determination of methane and ethane, the flasks are opened and the contents are centrifuged for 10 min in a clinical centrifuge to remove precipitated protein.
Volatile organic compounds from exhaled breath in schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Carina Jiang, Henrik Dobrowolny, Dorothee Maria Gescher, Gabriela Meyer-Lotz, Johann Steiner, Christoph Hoeschen, Thomas Frodl
Breath gas analysis allows measuring the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in human breathing air, for example, by use of Tedlar bags that trap the exhaled breath of the participant or by direct measurement. Thus, identifying VOCs in the human breath that could be linked to schizophrenia may lead to the discovery of a new, simple, quick and non-invasive method in the diagnostics of schizophrenia. In breath gas analysis focussing on alkanes, ethane and butane levels were found to be increased in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls (Ross et al. 2011a). Moreover, in 28 patients with schizophrenia, who have not been taking psychoactive medication for a least two to three weeks ethane and pentane, but not butane concentrations were found to be significantly increased in breath compared to healthy controls (Ross et al. 2011b). These findings indicate oxidative damage to omega-3 and to omega-6 PUFA leading to increased concentrations of ethane and pentane in schizophrenia (Ross et al. 2011a, 2011b). Ethylene and ammonia concentrations in breath measured using CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy were detected to be higher in 15 patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy controls suggesting energy dysregulation in schizophrenia (Popa et al. 2015).
In vivo studies on the ameliorative effect of coconut water against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Ifeanyichukwu Elekwa, Victor Chibueze Ude, Okezie Emmanuel, Victor Obioma Amachaghi, Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu
Induction of the rats with CCl4 caused an increase in ‘bad’ lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein) but decreased the ‘good’ lipid levels (high-density lipoprotein) compared to the negative control. An increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein has been shown to associate with atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases (Sandhya and Rajamohan 2008). High-density lipoproteins convey cholesterol and its esters to the liver for conversion to bile acids which is essential for atherosclerotic plaque inhibition (Young et al. 2004, Kim et al. 2008). Administration of coconut water reversed the lipid profile to equal the negative control indicating that coconut water may neutralize the toxic effect caused by CCl4 on the lipid profile. Previously, it has been reported that coconut water can decrease elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein caused by a high cholesterol fat diet (Sandhya and Rajamohan 2006). It has been reported that exposure of mice to CCl4 caused ethane release and induced lipid peroxidation evidenced by an increase in MDA level, whereas ethane release and lipid peroxidation was not observed in those treated with α-tocopherol (vitamin E, an antioxidant) (Riely et al. 1974). This suggests that antioxidants present in the coconut water may have contributed to reversing the impact of the CCl4 on the lipid profile of the animals.
Differences in the metabolite composition and mechanical properties of extracellular vesicles secreted by hepatic cellular models
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2019
Felix Royo, David Gil-Carton, Esperanza Gonzalez, Justyna Mleczko, Laura Palomo, Miriam Perez-Cormenzana, Rebeca Mayo, Cristina Alonso, Juan M. Falcon-Perez
For negative staining, vesicles were adsorbed onto glow-discharged Formvar-Carbon Niquel grids, washed with distilled water and stained with freshly prepared 2% uranyl acetate in aqueous suspension. Negative stained samples were imaged at room temperature using a JEM-1230 transmission electron microscope (JEOL) equipped with a thermionic tungsten filament and operated at an acceleration voltage of 120 kV. Images were taken using the ORIUS SC1000 (4008 × 2672 pixels) cooled slow-scan CCD camera (GATAN). For cryo-electron microscopy, EV preparations were directly adsorbed onto glow-discharged holey carbon grids (QUANTIFOIL, Germany). Grids were blotted at 95% humidity and rapidly plunged into liquid ethane with the aid of a VITROBOT (Maastricht Instruments BV, The Netherlands). Vitrified samples were imaged at liquid nitrogen temperature using a JEM-2200FS/CR transmission cryo-electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) equipped with a field emission gun and operated at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV.