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Surface Engineered Graphene Oxide and Its Derivatives
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Abu Nasser Faisal, Shahjalal Mohammad Shibly, Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha
Hummers method is commonly used to oxidize the graphene to yield GO. It has epoxides, carboxylic (-COOH), and hydroxyl groups (-OH), rendering it to be further hydrophilic as well as water dispensable. The functional groups can be easily modified to accept bioactive molecules, potentially increasing the drug-delivery and loading efficiency (Sanchez et al. 2012).
Terpenes: A Source of Novel Antimicrobials, Applications and Recent Advances
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Nawal M. Al Musayeib, Amina Musarat, Farah Maqsood
There are various targets mentioned for terpenes/terpenoids, including, destabilization of microbial membranes, damage of membrane proteins, proton motive force depletion and release of cell contents (Ultee et al. 1999; Ultee et al. 2001; Trombetta et al. 2005; Turgis et al. 2009; Astani et al. 2010). Most times essential oil confers antimicrobial effect by damaging the cell wall and membranes, that lead to lysis of cell and leakage of cell components (Devi et al. 2010). Many reports suggested that the antimicrobial mode of action of essential oils and corresponding compounds depends on their chemical composition and on the quantity of single compounds. The bioactivity of the molecules is also affected by the presence and position of functional groups (Bajpai et al. 2013). Acyclic components showed higher antimicrobial potential as compared to cyclic compounds. With regard to the acyclic compounds, the difference between antimicrobial properties of citronellol and citronellal is the replacement of an alcohol by an aldehyde group. This replacement and consequently the absence of a double bond in citronellol were the major reasons for their higher antimicrobial effect against bacteria strains. However, presence of carbonyl group in carvone instead of a hydroxyl group at position 3 of carveol appears to be responsible for the lack of antimicrobial activity of carvone towards S. aureus. However, this difference did not affect the effect against E. coli.
A Brief Background
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Two organic molecules can be composed of the exact same proportions of atoms in other words have the same molecular formula, but the way in which the atoms are arranged may be completely different to give two unique molecules. These are termed isomers. There are three different types of structural isomerism. The functional group may be placed at different positions on the carbon chain in positional isomers, or the atoms may be arranged in such a way to give a different functional group, known as functional group isomerism. Equally, it can be the hydrocarbon chain itself that is arranged differently to give different chain isomers.
Review on Chemistry of Oxazole derivatives: Current to Future Therapeutic Prospective
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Sweta Joshi, Meenakshi Mehra, Ramandeep Singh, Satinder Kakar
This pioneer literature divulges the importance of oxazole is a conversant nucleus with enormous promise for the development of powerful new chemical substances that preserve anti-inflammatory properties., antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, analgesic and antihypertensive etc. The structure activity relationship studies revealed the important groups substituted in the oxazole moiety and its pharmacological activity. They systematically studied the use of functional groups that are favorable for enhancing the physiochemical properties and interaction to target sites which increase therapeutic activity. This article also studied various synthetic pathways and reactions undergoing oxazole and its derivatives. Oxazole moieties are also present in some natural products which show essential therapeutic activities. Later, these studies acknowledge many significant number of patents which imitate that advancement of oxazole derivatives attract the academic areas, pharmaceutical firms and researchers to develop functional molecules by various changes to the main scaffold at several locations. Additionally, it is believed that with the development of innovative synthetic methodologies and screening strategies researchers analyze and discover higher clinically significant oxazole derivatives that actively influence the health and life of human being.
Promising strategies for improving oral bioavailability of poor water-soluble drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Bruna Rocha, Letícia Aparecida de Morais, Mateus Costa Viana, Guilherme Carneiro
Prodrugs are chemically modified molecules, inactive or partially inactive, that must first be chemically and/or enzymatically biotransformed in vivo, releasing the original active drug at the target site (Table 1). Bioprecursors are prodrugs derived from functional group modifications, which can be reverted by biotransformation in vivo. The more commonly modified functional groups are hydroxyls, carboxyls, carbonyls, amines, phosphates, phosphonates, esters, amidines, and guanines. Modification into esters is a widespread strategy for increasing the membrane partition by converting polar functional groups into nonpolar ones. After absorption, the ester linkage can be easily hydrolyzed by esterases found in the liver, blood, tissues, and other organs [34]. In carrier-linked prodrugs, the active moiety is temporarily linked to a carrier by a covalent bond to be broken by in vivo biotransformation [35]. Prodrugs can be linked to different types of carriers, including transport proteins, enzyme-dependent carriers, and pharmacologically active carriers, generally aiming at specific receptors or enzymes present at the site of drug action [35].
Fatty acids, esters, and biogenic oil disinfectants: novel agents against bacteria
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Aruna Lamba, Jonathan Kopel, David Westenberg, Shubhender Kapila
Many factors account for their activity, which include the condition of the surface, concentration of the chemical compounds, temperature, pH, mineral interference with active ingredients, type of microbial contamination, and physical composition of the surface. In addition, disinfectant activity of different compounds seems to depend on the polarity of the functional groups.4 Alcohols, fatty acids, and aldehydes possess a polar functionality in the molecule, which imparts the antimicrobial activity of the molecule. Kabara et al and Ouattara correlated the antibacterial activity to the balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the molecules; for example, the activity of the compounds strongly depends on its chain length.5,6 The antimicrobial activity of long-chain aldehydes and alcohols (>C6) has also been found to be related to the balance between the polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) portions of the molecules.7