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Hair Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals
Published in Rubina Alves, Ramon Grimalt, Techniques in the Evaluation and Management of Hair Diseases, 2021
Aurora Alessandrini, Michela Starace, Bianca Maria Piraccini
Shampooing is the most common form of cosmetic hair treatment. In the past, soap was the only available cleanser for the hair, while the introduction of the first non-alkaline shampoo date back to 1933 [3]. A shampoo is composed of 10 to 30 ingredients, classified according to their different activities, combined in specific formulations. These ingredients include detergents, called surfactants, conditioning agents, active ingredients, and additives. Every ingredient has to be tested and officially approved and therefore declared on the label. Shampoos' main function is to remove dirty particles and sebum from the scalp and from the hair shafts, thanks to surfactant agents, but it also has to be cosmetically pleasing.
Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Quaternary ammonium compounds consist of cationic surfactants. They are most frequently used in combination with a nonionic detergent as a disinfectant-detergent or detergent-sanitizer. However, nonionic detergents usually do not clean as good as the more caustic cationic detergents. Quaternary ammonium compounds are more bactericidal against non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria, less active against Gram-negative bacteria and are not sporicidal, but are sporostatic (inhibitory to spore germination or outgrowth) (76,85,86) The typical use concentration for a quaternary ammonium compound sanitizer is 200 ppm. The advantages are that they can clean and deodorize at the same time, are most effective at neutral or slightly alkaline pHs, are odorless and are very stable. The disadvantages are that they are not sporicidal, their antimicrobial activity can be inactivated by anionic cleaners, use of hard water for preparing use concentrations will adversely affect the antimicrobial activity, rinsing is required to remove equipment surface residues and are less effective against pseudomonads (87,88).
Interventional Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Infertility
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
This is the first and the most commonly used route for ultrasonically guided oocyte collection. The patient is lying in a supine position and the skin is cleaned with 70% alcohol. Use of various commercially available skin detergents is not recommended. Local anesthetic may be applied to the suprapubic area, but it seems to be of limited value because patients actually do not feel any pain while the needle is progressing through the anterior abdominal wall and bladder. The most painful part of the procedure is penetration into the ovaries, which cannot be eliminated with local anesthesia.
Characterisation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in sea turtle Chelonia mydas
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Vera Helena V. Dias, Jacó J. Mattos, Camila L. V. Bastolla, Karim H. Lüchmann, Afonso C. D. Bainy
The luminal location of the UGT active site requires the use of membrane-disrupting agents to avoid underestimation of glucuronidation rates. Alamethicin and Brij®58 increased the UGT activity, while Triton™ X-100 did not change the enzyme activity. Alamethicin supports UGT activity in a wide range of concentrations without inhibiting the enzyme activity (Al-Zoughool and Talaska 2006; Ladd et al. 2016). However, the use of detergents must be restricted to a narrow range of concentrations since high concentrations can result in the inhibition of enzymes (Lett et al. 1992; Alkharfy and Frye 2001). In the present study, a trend in the inhibitory effect was observed at the highest Triton™ X-100 amounts tested. Hence, Triton™ X-100 should not be used at amounts >1 mg/mg of protein in green turtle UGT assays.
Assessment of consumer exposure to boron in cleaning products: a case study of Canada
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Paul C. DeLeo, Sharon B. Stuard, Owen Kinsky, Christine Thiffault, Brittany Baisch
Liquid laundry detergent is a concentrated product that is typically used in washing machines where it is diluted during the washing cycle. It may also be used for hand washing clothing but that cleaning activity is assumed to occur much less frequently. Dermal and inhalation exposures for mixing and loading of machine-washed laundry were evaluated for a daily frequency. Default parameters were used for this typical liquid laundry detergent scenario. In addition, dermal and inhalation exposures associated with hand-washed laundry during mixing and loading, hand-washing, and hanging of hand-washed laundry were evaluated based on a lower frequency of occurrence (weekly). Also, post-application dermal exposure to residues remaining on clothing was evaluated for both the machine-washed and hand-washed scenarios and for an adult and a child (infant) 0–5 months old (6.3 kg).
Optometry Australia’s infection control guidelines 2020
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Kerryn M Hart, Fiona Stapleton, Nicole Carnt, Luke Arundel, Ka-Yee Lian
Reprocessing of reusable equipment requires cleaning, followed by disinfection or sterilisation: Cleaning: removal of foreign material (e.g. organic material) from objects and is normally carried out using detergent, water and physical action.7 An object cannot be disinfected or sterilised unless it has been cleaned.Disinfection: process that inactivates non-sporing infectious agents, using either thermal (moist or dry heat) or chemical means.7 Disinfection can be either low-, intermediate- or high-level (Appendix Table A1).Sterilisation: destroys all micro-organisms on the surface of an instrument or device. Sterilisation is usually achieved through reprocessing of heat-resistant items using steam, although low-temperature sterilisation technology (chemical) is available for reprocessing heat and moisture-sensitive items.7