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Goods and consumer issues
Published in Michael Weir, Law and Ethics in Complementary Medicine, 2023
Section 28(2) permits a person to manufacture, pack, sell or supply and label any herbal remedy if the substance is sold or supplied under a designation that specifies only the plant from which it is made and the process to which the plant has been subjected during the production of the remedy, and does not apply any other name to the remedy or any written recommendation as to the use of the remedy. ‘Herbal remedy’ is defined in section 2 as: a medicine (not being or containing a prescription medicine, or a restricted medicine, or a pharmacy-only medicine) consisting of—Any substance produced by subjecting a plant to drying, crushing, or any other similar process; orA mixture comprising 2 or more such substances only; orA mixture comprising 1 or more such substances with water or ethyl alcohol or any inert substance.
The Potential of Medicinal Plants as Treatments for Infections Caused by Aspergillus spp.
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Tefo K. Pule, Marco N. De Canha, Namrita Lall, Quenton Kritzinger
These drugs are administered orally in various doses. The dosage can have different effects on different individuals. In some instances, the previously mentioned compounds can be taken together as mixtures for better efficacy, especially when one type of treatment shows no sign of symptom amelioration (Alastruey-Izquierdo et al., 2018).
Immunosuppressants, rheumatic and gastrointestinal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
A vast array of mixed insulin preparations are available which are designed to allow the single injection of a mixture of short- and intermediate-acting insulin preparations. The proportion of short-acting insulin varies from 10 to 50% and should be selected according to individual requirements. Fixed mixtures are simple to use and are commonly administered via a pen device, where the appropriate dose is selected and then injected subcutaneously, using a short needle. The disadvantage of fixed mixtures is that they are less flexible. The proportion of short- and long-acting insulin cannot be varied according to day-to-day variations in routine; most commonly diet and exercise. An alternative is to draw up the intermediate-and short-acting components separately into a syringe, a technique known as free-mixing, which offers more day-to-day flexibility but is more time consuming, requires more thought by the family and cannot be administered via a pen.
Nose-only inhalations of high-dose alumina nanoparticles/hydrogen chloride gas mixtures induce strong pulmonary pro-inflammatory response: a pilot study
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Alexandra Bourgois, Dominique Saurat, Suzanne De Araujo, Alexandre Boyard, Nathalie Guitard, Sylvie Renault, Francisca Fargeau, Christine Frederic, Emmanuel Peyret, Emmanuel Flahaut, Aurélie Servonnet, Anne-Laure Favier, Ghislaine Lacroix, Sabine François, Samir Dekali
Taken together, these toxicity data regarding Al2O3 particles and HClg raise questions toward their potential combined toxicity due to possible exposure to the workers. The study of mixtures effects is an actual major concern in toxicology. Only few scientific data are available in literature, especially for mixtures of compounds with different physical forms (solid and gas for example). However, population is daily exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously and a recent study highlighted mixtures effects (synergy, addition, antagonism, or inhibition) unpredictability (Hayes et al. 2019). Therefore, it is currently necessary to study mixtures effects in a case-by-case basis. Biological effects and resulting hazard of complex combustion aerosols exposure are poorly described in literature. To date, only one study was published concerning the combined effect of Al2O3 particles and HClg. This study was carried out in vivo on rats and mice by whole body exposure (Wohlslagel et al. 1976). However, during exposures, HClg was always associated with hydrogen fluoride gas (HFg) and the only studied endpoint was mortality. Conclusions did not highlight any additive or synergistic effect of Al2O3 particles addition to the mixture of gases on animals’ mortality.
Formulation of solid dispersion to improve dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble dexibuprofen
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
DEXI-SD formulations were prepared by the melting and solvent evaporation methods at ratios of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (w/w) of DEXI and carrier, respectively. In the melting method, DEXI and carrier were mixed at room temperature by a glass rod, the mixture was then heated at 60 °C directly until they melted. Next, the melted mixture was rapidly cooled and solidified in an ice bath. The solid mass was crushed using a porcelain mortar and pestle. The final powder was passed through a 40-mesh sieve to achieve uniform particle size. In the solvent evaporation method, the drug and carrier were dissolved in a solvent of methanol: dichloromethane (1:1). After stirring for 1 h at 500 rpm, the organic solvent was removed by rotary evaporator at 40 °C. The residual solvent was removed using a vacuum desiccator. The obtained solid powder was crushed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve. Physical mixtures (PM) were prepared by mixing the drug and carrier in a pestle and mortar.
Artificial Intelligence: Its future in the health sector and its role for medical education
Published in Journal of European CME, 2021
Peter A. Henning, Jacqueline Henning, Katharina Glück
In contrast, outside the health sector, data-driven technologies have led to an industrial revolution commonly called “industry 4.0”. Today, many types and in the near future almost any type of goods can be produced rationally with a lot size of one. Also, advanced biosensors are able to provide important real-time data on the human body. Implementing these technologies in the health sector would mean that every patient can be treated differently, thereby deviating from the established practice of clinical decision pathways. Clearly, such advanced methods are entering the health sector even without AI technology, for example as 3D printing of implants [18] or as innovative antibiotics sensor [19]. It is easily envisaged that this may be achieved also in the production of pharmaceuticals, where one may produce customised mixtures of well-established substances, tailored to the needs of an individual patient. Moreover, especially in view of the recent progress in mRNA technologies and gene sequencing, we see the real possibility of creating medication tailored to individual strains of bacteria or viruses, or to individual tumours.