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Microbiological Assay of Antibiotics in Body Fluids and Tissues
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Maintain the test culture, Escherichia coli Squibb Culture No. 12155, on slants of medium 1 (media key, Tables 2—6). Prepare the inoculum from cultures on the same medium in Roux bottles incubated for 24 hr at 37°C. Use 50—60 ml saline per bottle to suspend the growth, and determine the absorbance at 530 nm in a 1 cm cell. Adjust the cell concentration to 7 absorbance units/ml. Store the suspension at 0—5°C. It is usable for 1—2 weeks.
Endolymphatic Therapy—Experimental Basis and Clinical Outlook
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
Small particles of pulverized aqueous drug can be suspended in oil. The drawback, however, is that the suspension is usually unstable. It was not possible, for example, to suspend pulverized Bleomycin (Mack, West-Germany) in iodinated oleum papaveris (Lipiodol Ultra-Fluid, Byk Gulden, West-Germany). Here research samples of Bleomycin oil suspension (Nippon-Kayaku, Japan) were used in animal experiments.27 Bleomycin was kept in stable suspension because of the presence of aluminium stearate. These samples (“Oil Bleo”) were injected into the hind pad lymphatic vessels of eight blood-related mongrel dogs, each weighing 13 (±1.5) kg. Each dog received 4 ml Oil Bleo containing 60 mg Bleomycin during a 1-h long injection. A control experiment was performed by injecting 60 ml of Bleomycin dissolved in 4-ml aqueous solution.
Why Does Moderate Exercise Enhance, But Intense Training Depress, Immunity ?
Published in Husband Alan J., Behaviour and Immunity, 2019
John A. Smith, Scott J. McKenzie, Richard D. Telford, Maurice J. Weidemann
Heparinized blood (10ml) was decanted onto a 3ml Ficol-paque cushion (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) in a 15 ml sterile tube and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 600 χ g. The neutrophil layer was removed from the top of the red blood cell layer by aspiration and transferred to a second sterile tube. Contaminating red blood cells were removed by hypotonic shock with 0.83% NH4C1. The mixture was centrifuged at 400 χ g for 5 minutes. The cell pellet was washed twice in 0.83% NH4C1 to remove residual red blood cells and then resuspended in HBSS. The suspension was stored on ice before use. The purity of the cell preparation, checked by differential staining with Harclo "diff-quik" (Lab-Aids, Sydney, N.S.W.), was greater than 95% neutrophils, of which more than 95% excluded trypan blue.
Nanotechnology-enabled gene delivery for cancer and other genetic diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Tong Jiang, Karina Marie Gonzalez, Leyla Estrella Cordova, Jianqin Lu
The human reticuloendothelial system, especially the liver and spleen, can identify and remove exogenous substances in the blood quickly [16]. At the same time, kidney filtration function presents a further challenge to the function of nucleic acid drugs in the blood [17]. Glomerular filtration typically removes molecules below 50 kDa and naked low molecular weight nucleic acids (about 10–30 kDa) are easily released by the kidney. Administered systematically, nucleic acid drugs accumulate in the kidneys with a fortyfold accumulation rate than other organs preferentially and then are excreted during 1 h by glomerulus and kidney tubules [18]. Kidney or liver toxicity may be induced as some patients presented with proteinuria and increased liver transaminase after the treatment of thiophosphate modified oligonucleotides therapy. These side effects also are influenced by dosage strength and can dissipate with dosage reduction or suspension [19].
A method for the tribological assessment of oral pharmaceutical liquids
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Hyun Joo Lee, R. Gary Hollenbeck, Jill A. Morgan, Amy Kruger Howard, Akhtar Siddiqui, Vilayat A. Sayeed, Arzu Selen, Stephen W. Hoag
Unlike rheology which measures the bulk properties of a sample, tribology is a system property that is a function of the (1) measurement geometry (ring on a plate, mini traction machine (MTM), three balls on a plate and ball on three plates), (2) surface characteristics (tribo-pairs), and (3) the lubricating liquid. For more background on these experimental instrument configurations, see Shewan et al. [9]. From previous research in the food science literature, it is known that these three parameters must be carefully controlled to get good measurements [24,25], and methods should be carefully validated to get reproducible results [26]. To date, there have been few tribological studies of pharmaceutical suspensions, which are critical dosage forms for pediatric patients. The studies that have looked at the texture properties of suspensions have either been based upon patient preference [17,22] or done using tribological measurements [1,13]. In terms of the measurement geometry, most of the suspension studies have used the MTM geometry [1,13]; however, other geometries such as the ring on plate method have some advantages and merit investigation [9]. In terms of the surfaces, most researchers in the food industry use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [27,28], and some studies have used other materials like excised pig tongue and 3M surgical tape [14,29]. To date, most of the suspension studies on pharmaceutical suspensions have used PDMS [1].
Current pharmacotherapy of cryptosporidiosis: an update of the state-of-the-art
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Anne Schneider, Sebastian Wendt, Christoph Lübbert, Henning Trawinski
Currently, two nitazoxanide doses are available: 500 mg tablets and a 100 mg/5 mL oral suspension. However, the suspension’s oral bioavailability is 30% lower than the tablets’ [35,38]. Nitazoxanide’s area under the curve (AUC) can be increased by about 45–50% when administered with food [38]. For adults and children above 12 years old, the standard nitazoxanide dose is 500 mg twice daily (BID) for three days. Children from one to three years old should be treated with 100 mg/5 mL oral suspension BID, and children from four to 11 years old should be treated with 200 mg/10 mL oral suspension BID for three days [38]. Longer treatments for up to seven days may be considered in cases of persisting symptoms and the lack of a microbiological cure in stool samples. For SOT recipients, a 14-day treatment duration is recommended [39]. Several other therapeutics that have been tested for repurposing – such as HIV-protease inhibitors, paromomycin, rifamycin, rifaximin and azithromycin – have also shown insufficient clinical improvement in cryptosporidiosis treatment [31,32,40,41].