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Lutein: A Nutraceutical Nanoconjugate for Human Health
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Ishani Bhat, Bangera Sheshappa Mamatha
The process of electrostatic deposition enables designing multilayer emulsions consisting of emulsifier-covered lipid droplets, which is layered with single or multiple biopolymer (polysaccharides and proteins) layers (Bortnowska 2015; Guzey & McClements, 2006). In case of protein-coated emulsions, exposure to isoelectric pH values, raised temperatures, high ionic strengths, and other environmental factors can lower its stability. Thus, coating a layer of polysaccharides is suggested to improve the stability of such emulsions (Burgos-Díaz et al. 2016). The chemical stability of a lutein-loaded emulsion containing lipid droplets layered with whey protein isolate was improved by coating with multilayers of flaxseed gum and chitosan (Xu et al. 2016). Further, linking the polysaccharides covalently to proteins by Maillard reaction can improve the lipid droplet size and emulsification (Hou et al. 2017). In addition, Maillard conjugates allow the emulsion to be stable during changes in pH, temperature, and ionic strength. However, in an emulsion, reducing the droplet size further (<50 nm) causes changes in physicochemical and functional properties of emulsions. In contrast to emulsions, the resulting nanosized emulsions are more stable for flocculation, creaming, more easily digested, and less opaque (Kale & Deore, 2017).
Peptide Vaccine
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Joel Lim Whye Ern, Tan Shen Leng, Tee Yi Na, Palaniarajan Vijayaraj Kumar
The use of purified antigen to evoke an immune response is often insufficient. In order to amplify the immune response, adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide, oil, and water emulsions are used. In this topic, we will be focusing on the use of emulsion as vaccine adjuvants. Emulsion is a disperse system consisting of two or more immiscible liquids forming a dispersed phase and a continuous phase.
Functional Foods: Bioavailability, Structure, and Nutritional Properties
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Tawheed Amin, H. R. Naik, Syed Zameer Hussain, Bazila Naseer
Microstructural approach can be used to manipulate the microstructure of food emulsions. Emulsions are dispersions of two immiscible phases, typically oil, and water and can be either water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) type. The use of various ingredients in the formulation of food emulsions assumes an essential role in determining their physicochemical properties and subsequent resultant functions. Such ingredients in use are water, edible oils, emulsifiers, and other additional ingredients as stabilizers, texture enhancing agents, or flavors [88].
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: a novel approach to deliver drugs
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Emulsions serve as drug carriers in pharmaceutical preparations even though they can likely improve the medicine's oral bioavailability by having poor absorption profiles (Zhu et al., 2020). The prominent strategies for enhancing the stability of orally administered APIs are to use delivery systems of drugs that are based on lipids. According to the literature, the terminology for lipid-based techniques is highly debated. The initial droplet size is not the primary factor determining micro and nano emulsions (SMEDDS and SNEDDS). If the droplet size of emulsion is in the nanoscale range, the SNEDDS term should be used. SEDDS are oil and surfactant-based preparations with the help of slow agitation that can be emulsified rapidly in water (Tran & Park, 2021). The chemical structure and physical properties of SEDDS physical qualities were essential determinants of application and tolerance. As a result, these variables must be established at the stage of preformulation (Ujhelyi et al., 2018).
Olive oil and clove oil-based nanoemulsion for topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Uzma Gul, Muhammad Imran Khan, Asadullah Madni, Muhammad Farhan Sohail, Mubashar Rehman, Akhtar Rasul, Leena Peltonen
Nanoemulsion droplet sizes and PDI values were used as the main critical quality attributes (CQAs) for selection of the optimized formulations, and small particle size (below 500 nm) and low PDI value (preferably less than 0.35) was considered best combination. One optimized formulation was selected for both of the oils (clove oil and olive oil), because both of the oils provide a different kind of advantageous properties for topical drug formulations (as explained above). Penetration of the drugs encapsulated in emulsions is enhanced when the droplet size is in nanometric range (less than 500 nm) (Singh et al., 2017). Reducing the droplet size below 500 nm produces higher penetration through different skin layers and absorption of drug ingredients with higher particle uptake by enhancing the mechanism of passive transport. Among the olive oil nanoemulsions, F1 was considered as optimized nanoemulsion formulation with droplet size value of 490 nm, while for clove oil nanoemulsion F7 was optimized formulation with droplet size value of 222 nm. Due to the droplet sizes below 500 nm, both these nanoemulsions are expected to face no barrier in passage through biological barriers, as explained above (Alzorqi et al., 2016).
Production of rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) microparticles by spray drying taking advantage of the technological properties of cereal co-products
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Nathan H. Noguera, Dyana C. Lima, José Claudio Klier Monteiro Filho, Rodney A. F. Rodrigues
The evaluation of the droplet size is relevant as it influences the stability of the emulsions and the encapsulation efficiency. The stability of emulsions is associated, among other factors, with droplet size. Destabilisation phenomena can occur after the emulsification process if the droplets are not broken enough, which increases the probability of collision between them and, consequently, they will unite into larger droplets (coalescence) promoting phase separation. In addition, during the spray drying process, large droplets are unlikely to be fully coated by the wall materials, migrating to the particle surface. As a result, the surface oil content is increased and the encapsulation efficiency is reduced (McClements et al. 2007; Jafari et al. 2008; Lai et al. 2021).