China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Analgesics during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The main use of aspirin has been as an analgesic, antipyretic, or anti-inflammatory agent. Salicylates were used clinically for over 120 years and are one of the most commonly used nonnarcotic analgesics. Aspirin has been widely used in pregnancy in the past, but acetaminophen has supplanted ASA as the most frequently used analgesic in pregnancy. Prospective study of 1529 pregnant women in 1974 and 1975, reported an estimated 50 percent of the women took aspirin sometime during pregnancy, but less than 5 percent took the drug daily. Salicylates are prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and non-selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes 1 and 2. COX-1 inhibition blocks normal production of protective esophageal and gastric mucosa, increasing the risk for gastrointestinal bleeds and associated complications. COX-1 suppression blocks synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane A (vasoactive prostaglandins). Prostacyclin is a strong vasodilator that is a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Thromboxane A is a potent vasoconstrictor that stimulates platelet aggregation (Bhagwat et al., 1985; Ellis et al., 1976). Prostaglandin E and prostaglandins are also inhibited. COX-2 suppression possesses analgesic activity associated with blocking prostaglandins linked with inflammation.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The story of the discovery of aspirin stretches back more than 3,500 years ago when bark from the willow tree was used as a pain reliever and antipyretic (303). Salicylic acid is a secondary metabolite synthetized in the barks and leaves from the willow or sallow tree, a medicinal and ornamental plant. Salicylic acid was first isolated from willow bark in 1828 by Buchner, then refined by Leroux in 1829 and crystallized by Piria in 1838. In 1852, the French chemist Charles Gerhardt (1816–1856) was the first to modify salicylic acid with the introduction of an acetyl group in place of a hydroxyl group, to produce acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin for the first time (303). Rapidly absorbed from the intestine, the pro-drug Aspirin is broken down by hydrolysis in the body to liberate its active compound, salicylic acid. Aspirin is now used as an antipyretic, analgesic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory agent, and has recently been used to prevent stroke and heart attack.
Nonopioid and Adjuvant Analgesic Agents
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Abnormalities in liver function tests may be seen (most commonly with diclofenac), but these are usually transient and true hepatotoxicity occurs only very rarely (Sriuttha et al, 2018). A specific form of hepatotoxicity called Reye’s syndrome is linked to the intake of aspirin during febrile viral illnesses (for example, an upper respiratory tract infection or chicken pox) in children. While causation remains unclear, these children may develop cerebral inflammation and edema in addition to liver failure, and the results may be fatal. Therefore, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia recommend that aspirin should be avoided in children and adolescents under 12 years of age.
Complicated bleeding challenge and intraoperative safety strategies in a case of hemophilia a with rhabdomyosarcoma
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2022
Phumin Chaweephisal, Hansamon Poparn, Kanhatai Chiengthong, Panya Seksarn, Piti Techavichit, Supanun Lauhasurayotin, Darintr Sosothikul
Local control of bleeding is as important as systemic control. It can be employed with hemostatic agents (e.g. Gelfoam, Surgicel, Fibrin glue, Electrocautery and others). Antifibrinolytic agents such as oral tranexamic acid or epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) are also important for controlling primary and secondary hemostatic disorders. A medication that is not used is Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). It may have a role with minor procedures in mild hemophilia A cases but it has little role in this type of situation. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) for pain control should also be avoided. Continuous infusion of Factor VIII for this type of complex surgery has also been shown to be safe and efficacious,7 and could have been considered; however, it has been our institution’s preference to use intermittent infusions instead. With utmost caution and careful preparation, major surgery can be performed safely.
Anti-inflammatory strategies for atherosclerotic artery disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Federica Agnello, Davide Capodanno
The merit of aspirin for secondary prevention in mitigating the atherothrombotic complications of cardiovascular disease is well established and mainly attributed to its antiplatelet mode of action. However, aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; hence, its effectiveness derives in part from an effect on inflammation. Low-dose aspirin improves endothelial function and plaque stability, and reduces the blood levels of inflammatory markers, monocyte colony-stimulating factors, and monocytes chemoattractant proteins [61–63]. A relatively old study reported that the reduction in myocardial infarction (MI) observed with aspirin for primary prevention is directly related to the levels of hs-CRP. The current evidence is mostly against the use of aspirin in the setting of primary prevention because the risk of bleeding offsets its benefit [64]. However, targeting aspirin use in subgroups of patients with elevated inflammatory markers might change this paradigm in future trials.
Effects of aspirin and statin use on venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and survival in patients with endometrial cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Shinya Matsuzaki, Heather Miller, Tsuyoshi Takiuchi, Maximilian Klar, Koji Matsuo
There is no clear consensus on whether aspirin therapy is appropriate for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, or on its appropriateness in patients with various conditions. Aspirin may be beneficial for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in high-risk patients, including those with obesity and diabetes mellitus[45]. Alternatively, the benefits in a population with low-risk cardiovascular disease or healthy individuals are comparatively less [46–49]. Notably, a randomized study that enrolled healthy elderly individuals evaluated the effect of aspirin (100 mg/day) on disability-free survival, cardiovascular events, and cancer-related death [46–49]. It was found that aspirin use did not prolong disability-free survival, improve cardiovascular disease[46], or reduce cancer-related deaths over a period of 5 years[47]. However, it led to a higher rate of occurrence of major hemorrhagic events than those observed with placebo[46]. The results of these studies show that the regular use of aspirin is not recommended in patients with low-risk cardiovascular disease or healthy patients.