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Assessing and managing pain
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Lindsey Pollard, Harriet Barker
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce inflammation and are effective for mild to moderate pain. They are available in oral, transdermal, rectal (PR) and topical preparations. They are commonly used postoperatively in combination with other analgesics and are also the drug of choice in conditions such as arthritis and some other chronic pain conditions.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and ibuprofen, have traditionally been used as mainstream nonprescription analgesics. There is increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence that these agents have a protective effect in coronary heart disease, as well as in the development of malignancies such as colorectal and breast cancer. Aspirin has emerged as the most likely NSAID for use in chemoprevention because of its known cardiovascular benefit and available safety and efficacy data. However, traditional NSAIDs, and other selective COX-2 inhibitors are now given to patients at high risk of colorectal cancer, although these drugs do not provide cardio-protection.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
George C. Tsokos, Gabriel Virella
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) group includes, among others, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, and the recently introduced COX-2 inhibitors. These compounds have as a common mechanism of action the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, which results in a reduction of the local release of prostaglandins. Their administration is beneficial in many patients with RA. Patients are advised of possible side effects, including upper gastrointestinal bleeding and hypertension.
Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have high risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a long-term nationwide population-based cohort study
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Hao-Yuan Feng, Chi-Ho Chan, Yu-Cheng Chu, Xin-Man Qu, Yu-Hsun Wang, James Cheng-Chung Wei
The baseline characteristics were matched by age, gender, hypertension (ICD-9-CM = 401–405), hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM = 272.0–272.4), diabetes (ICD-9-CM = 250), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-9-CM = 491, 492, 496), chronic liver disease (ICD-9-CM = 571), chronic kidney disease (ICD-9-CM = 585), generalized anxiety disorder (ICD-9-CM = 300.02), dysthymic disorder (ICD-9-CM = 300.4), fibromyalgia (ICD-9-CM = 729.1), gastroesophageal reflux disease (ICD-9-CM = 530.11, 530.81, 530.85), functional dyspepsia (ICD-9-CM = 536.8). Those comorbidities were defined before the index date within one year and at least three outpatient visits or one hospitalization. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) during the study period were included and defined with at least usage of ≥30 days. (Table 1)
Spirulina supplements: an approach moderating aspirin persuaded histological and ultra-structural alterations in albino rats gastric mucosa
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Sherif A. Kamar, Ahmed H. Bayoumi, Hagar Yousry Rady
The incidence of stroke and other coagulopathies reported an increase of about 5% since the start of the worldwide pandemic caused (SARS-CoV-2).1 Increasing numbers of patients younger than 50 years showed large-vessel ischemic stroke.2 Owing to its wide range and variety of use, aspirin, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were prescribed to different acute situations (e.g., pain, fever, and inflammation). NSAIDs are the most commonly preventive agents against the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and coagulopathies.3 Not only on the cardiovascular domain but also on the field of cancer treatment NSAIDs has provided preventive way for chronic diseases, and acute pain management.4 It was reported two years ago during the quarantine period that ibuprofen disappeared from the pharmacy shelves leading to global shortage. Further studies proved later that ibuprofen and other NSAIDs should be avoided in all positive COVID-19 patients as it may worsen the symptoms.5
Gastroprotective effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. leaves via reduction of oxidative stress in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Tahir, Md Azizur Rahman, Mohammad Khushtar
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are reported to cause damage to small intestine and kidney whose long term use among patients is associated with a range of esophageal-gastro-duodenal changes and induces adverse upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatotoxicity, bone marrow toxicity and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (Shakeerabanu et al. 2011). PUD is one of the most common ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract in the regions of stomach and duodenum which is caused by many factors like an infection of H. pylori, spicy food, acid, alcohol, stress, or drugs and characterized by high acidity resulting in mucosal erosions causing extreme pain, discomfort, chronic suffering, loss of working hours and occasional fatality (Siddique 2014). It is reported to be due to an imbalance between offensive acid-pepsin secretion and defensive mucosal factors like mucin secretion and cell shedding (Shakeerabanu et al. 2011). It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting lives of millions of people in their everyday life. In the United States, approximately four million people have peptic ulcers (duodenal and gastric) and 350 000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Around 180 000 patients are hospitalized yearly, and about 5000 people die every year as a result of PUD (Siddique 2014). The lifetime likelihood of developing PUD is about 10% for males, 4% for females and its burden is much greater in Bangladesh and also in India especially in three states viz. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir (Siddique 2014).