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Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
As opposed to hypertrophy, in which cells are increasing in size, hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number (see Figure 5.7). Other than their accelerated proliferation, hyperplastic cells appear normal. In some cases, hyperplasia is a normal response to a specific stimulus. An example might be the proliferation of new skin cells to compensate for those cells lost to injury or natural senescence. In other cases, including those in which hyperplasia is induced by parasites, it may be viewed as a response to abnormal stimuli, cell irritation or as a proliferation of cells precipitated by parasite-induced inflammation.
Disorders of Growth and Differentiation
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It occurs in response to hormonal stimulation, increased functional demand, an abnormal trophic influence or chronic injury. The enlargement of the female breast at puberty is a good example of physiological hyperplasia mediated by oestrogen acting upon the duct epithelium. During pregnancy there is further hyperplasia mediated by progesterone acting on the lobuloalveolar epithelium.
The endocrine system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Two thirds of patients have an autonomous aldosterone secreting adenoma, which is known as Conn's syndrome (Figure 18.29). Secretion of aldosterone from a carcinoma is rare. In the remaining cases, there is bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa. Surgical removal of an adenoma is curative. Hyperplasia may require medical therapy.
Ketogenic diet inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Xuefei Xu, Limin Xie, Lili Chai, Xiaoming Wang, Jinhu Dong, Jipei Wang, Pengwei Yang
Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary mechanism underlying atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (1). The process is complex, involving multiple cell types and vascular wall components, and among them, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) typically play the most important roles (2,3). In response to vascular injury, inflammatory stimuli or growth factors, VSMCs switch from a quiescent contractile phenotype to an active synthetic phenotype. Synthetic VSMCs migrate and proliferate, and their accumulation directly contributes to neointima formation, and thereafter narrowing of vessels (4). The narrowing of vessels influences oxygen supply, thus resulting in the ischemia of organs including myocardium and brain (5,6). Although many researchers have devoted large amount of effort to the prevention and therapy of neointimal hyperplasia, few clinical strategies with satisfactory safety and efficacy have been developed. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new strategy for the treatment of neointimal hyperplasia.
Needlelike, short and thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes: comparison of effects on wild type and p53+/− rat lungs
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Hélène Barthel, Sylvie Sébillaud, Mylène Lorcin, Henrik Wolff, Stéphane Viton, Frédéric Cosnier, Laurent Gaté, Carole Seidel
At M8, inflammation had largely disappeared in Mitsui-7-exposed animals, and the main histological observation was the formation of mature granuloma. Following exposure to NM-403, the situation was rather different, with active inflammation, protein debris and some eosinophilic PAP-type material present within alveolar spaces. Importantly, areas of hyperplasia were visible in the lung. The level of hyperplasia was even more pronounced in GMO rats. Hyperplasia is not directly equivalent to neoplasia, but it can be considered a precursor lesion. In a detailed study on the progression of cancer from normal cells to invasive adenocarcinomas in a mice model, the first stage after normal cells is pre-neoplastic hyperplasia (Marjanovic et al.2020). In other similar studies, hyperplasia are often combined with adenomas and carcinomas (Saleh et al.2020). In concordance with the higher levels of inflammation observed histologically and the cytology of the BALF at M8, LDH and protein levels were also increased in BALF at this timepoint. Phospholipid levels were also increased in BALF from NM-403-exposed rats, which is suggestive of PAP.
Delivery of rivaroxaban and chitosan rapamycin microparticle with dual antithrombosis and antiproliferation functions inhibits venous neointimal hyperplasia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Peng Sun, Haoliang Wu, Hao He, Liwei Zhang, Yuanfeng Liu, Cong Zhang, Chunyang Lou, Jingan Li, Hualong Bai
Neointimal hyperplasia is still the leading cause of graft failure after vascular interventions (Goel et al., 2012), it is a complex process including acute platelet deposition, inflammatory cell accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (Hristov and Weber, 2008; Lee and Roy-Chaudhury, 2009; Muto et al., 2007). Heparin, rapamycin or paclitaxel coated stents or balloons have been widely used in clinic; although these instruments contributed to a better patency rate, but none of these grafts showed a long term success in clinic (Kandzari et al., 2017; Cochrane Vascular Group, 2016; Tepe et al., 2017). Current protocols are mainly focusing on one step in the process of neointimal hyperplasia, like anti-thrombosis or anti-proliferation, this maybe the cause of the unsatisfactory result of the drug coated balloon and stent (Mehta et al., 2011). So, new methods are needed to decrease neointimal hyperplasia, especially in basic research. We recently showed a three-layered hydrogel patch with hierarchical releasing of PLGA nanoparticle drugs decrease neointimal hyperplasia in a rat inferior vena cava (IVC) venoplasty model, this hierarchical releasing system can significantly and effectively inhibit venous neointimal hyperplasia (Wei et al., 2022). But that drug delivery system is complex, so a simpler drug delivery system is needed.