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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Over the past few decades, various types of diseases have emerged in the world, including degenerative diseases, infectious diseases and diseases caused by improper behavior. At the beginning of 2020, the world community was shocked by the COVID-19 pandemic that hit almost all countries regardless of developed, developing and poor status. In addition, degenerative diseases are still a problem, such as diabetes mellitus, stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, prostatitis and osteoarthritis (Suiraoka, 2012). Pharmacists and herbalists as well as scientists from other relevant fields including medical experts and marine biotechnologists are working hard to explore bioactive compounds from terrestrial and marine resources and then develop them into affordable, effective and efficient drugs to treat those diseases.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Neelam Yadav, Pradeep K. Shukla
Although the cause of most neurodegenerative diseases is not well known, several studies have demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in their common pathogenesis (Kim et al. 2015; Shibata and Kobayashi 2008). Antioxidants have been shown as potential therapeutic agents for neurological disease progression and management (Carvalho et al. 2017). The classification of their illness has, therefore, relied mainly on the description of pathologic anatomy and clinical features. A characteristic of degenerative diseases is that it has an insidious onset and runs a progressive course, which can continue over many years. The earliest clinical features can be extremely subtle, and it is often difficult to pinpoint the exact onset of these illnesses.
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
‘Neurodegenerative disease’ is an umbrella term to indicate a range of disorders that primarily affect the neurons (the building blocks of CNS) and consequently the brain functions begin to deteriorate. Once the neurons are damaged or died, they can’t be regenerated or replaced unlike other cells which constantly replicate to produce themselves. Neurodegenerative diseases are incorrigible and debilitate the patient which results in the advanced degeneration and eventually the death of neurons (nerve cells) (JPND Research, 2018). The death of neurons can cause ataxias (movement problem), or mental dysfunction like dementias. Besides dementias some commonly known neuro-degenerative diseases are Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and PD-related disorders, Prion disease, Huntington’s disease (HD), motor neuron disease (MND), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2018). The genetics, age, and environmental factors are related to someone’s susceptibility to one of the neurodegenerative diseases which are treatable up to a certain level but not completely curable. Although there are treatments for these diseases up to a certain level, but they are not completely curable. Two important heterocyclic drugs (Figure 8.19) are frequently prescribed in neurodegenerative disease.
Retinal Flow Density Changes in Early-stage Parkinson’s Disease Investigated by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Yifan Zhang, Dan Zhang, Yuzhu Gao, Li Yang, Yunhan Tao, Hanyue Xu, Shulei Man, Ming Zhang, Yanming Xu
The eye has been referred to as a window to the brain due to its inseparable relationship with the central nervous system (CNS).5 The retina is derived from the neuroectoderm, which shares a lot of similarities with the CNS in embryological origin, vascular supply, and stress response. Visual symptoms have been reported to occur even before neurological impairments in some degenerative diseases. Especially in PD, dry eyes, impaired contrast sensitivity, and color vision have been known to occur as non-motor manifestations of PD.6 Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons is the landmark of PD, which is not only observed in the CNS but also exhibits in the retina.7 The degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the ganglion cell layer offers a reasonable explanation for the observed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and the inner plexiform layer reported by the previous literature.8
ALS and fertility: does ALS affect number of children patients have?
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
HIlmi Uysal, Uğur Bilge, Nevruz İlhanli, Marta Gromicho, Julian Grosskreutz, Magdalena Kuzma-Kozakiewicz, Susana Pinto, Susanne Petri, Katarzyna Szacka, Krzysztof Nieporecki, Mamede De Carvalho
Human beings live in an era where mortality is decreasing and life expectancy is increasing to 70 years or more (27). This is due to many advances, including the application of microbe theory, the development of medical practices such as advanced nutrition and public health measures. Complex chronic degenerative diseases are distinguished by an indeterminate etiology, long time delay, long-term illness, functional impairment, and in many cases the lack of a cure. One argument is that evolutionary forces are neutral on these diseases, since neurodegenerative diseases occur during a post-reproductive period of the human life cycle (4). The presence of neurodegenerative diseases in the population over 50 can mean that there is no strong evolutionary selection pressure against these diseases (21).
A New Procedure in Bone Engineering Using Induced Adipose Tissue
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Randa Alfotawi, Mona Elsafadi, Manikandan Muthurangan, Abdul-Aziz Siyal, Musaad Alfayez, Amer A. Mahmmod
With ageing, musculoskeletal degeneration gives rise to several bone-related diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. During this degeneration process, the loss of bone mass correlates with an increase in fatty bone marrow.1–3 Several studies have reported the simultaneous induction of adipose tissue in bone marrow, suggesting that the reduction in osteogenesis and enhancement of adipogenesis are inverse processes.3–6 Osteoporosis has been described as bone obesity,4 and the imbalance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in osteopenic mice has been associated with augmented adipose tissue that replaced trabecular bone.7 Ectopic bone formation in adipose tissue has been reported in patients diagnosed with progressive osseous hyperplasia.8 Based on the pathophysiology of this degenerative disease, regenerative medicine could provide a novel approach for treating these conditions.