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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Vulvar cancer is usually formed as a lump or ulcer in the vagina that often causes itching. Cancer of the fallopian tubes is a rare gynaecological cancer, which starts in the fallopian tubes and generally affects women between the ages of 50 and 60.
Radiation oncology considerations
Published in Charles F. Levenback, Ate G.J. van der Zee, Robert L. Coleman, Clinical Lymphatic Mapping in Gynecologic Cancers, 2022
Gwendolyn Joyce McGinnis, Anuja Jhingran
Lymph node status is the most important predictor for overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer.10–12 Thorough lymph node evaluation is necessary for patient selection for radiation therapy. Sentinel node biopsy in addition to radical local excision has become the standard of care in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer.13 The sentinel node has gained popularity because it has been shown to have low groin recurrence and low morbidity and prevents overtreatment.14 Adjuvant radiation therapy may play a role in the management of patients with vulvar cancer in several scenarios, including prophylactic irradiation and management of micro-metastatic disease.
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Carcinoma of the vulva represents only about 4% of gynecologic malignancies and is quite rare in pregnancy, because the vast majority of vulvar malignancies occur in postmenopausal patients. Approximately 15% of vulvar cancers are found in women less than 40 years of age. Of these, about 90% of the cases are squamous cell cancers. Other cell types include melanoma, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. Presenting symptoms are similar to those of the nonpregnant state and include itching, irritation, discharge, and occasionally bleeding. The etiology of vulvar cancer is unknown, but common patient characteristics include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and perhaps less-than-optimal vulvar hygiene. Recent evidence suggests that HPV infection is a causative or associative factor in preinvasive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia as well as in invasive vulvar cancer. Examination of the vulva will demonstrate areas of ulceration, exophytic growth, hyper- or hypopigmentation, or red or white discoloration. The key to early diagnosis is biopsy. All abnormal areas of the vulva, including raised, depressed, discolored, or warty lesions, deserve consideration for biopsy. Biopsy may be performed in the office under local anesthesia by simple excision or by utilizing the Keyes punch biopsy instrument. Toluidine blue staining and colposcopy may be used as adjunctive procedures, but should not substitute for biopsies, even in lieu of pregnancy.
Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers in vulval squamous cell carcinoma based on human papillomavirus infection Status-Analysis of GSE183454
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Ruxing Xi, Donghong Li, Shuanque Yang, Hui Zhang, Lijuan Hu, Xiaowei Wang, Guoqing Wang, Yan Wang
Vulvar cancer is an uncommon gynaecological tumour which accounts for 3% to 5% of all malignancies in female genital cancer (Weinberg and Gomez-Martinez 2019). Approximately 90% of vulvar cancer are vulval squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC) with an increasing incidence by an average of 0.6% per year for the past decade (Weinberg and Gomez-Martinez 2019). VSCC, which always develops from the skin of the labia or the vulvar mucosa, is divided into two types according to the pathogenesis with completely disparate epidemiological, clinical and molecular characteristics (Del Pino et al.2013, Preti et al.2020). One type arises primarily in younger patients and is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection while its prevalence continues to increase every year (American Cancer Society 2022), another form is observed mostly in elderly patients and appears to develop independently of HPV infection (Del Pino et al.2013). Although, the prevalence of HPV-positive tumours is seen to be decreasing as a result of HPV vaccination (Cheng et al.2020).
Factors Associated with Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and the Intention among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2022
Seongkum Heo, Tara F. Bertulfo, Patricia Troyan, Justus Randolph
From the pre-vaccine period to 2015–2018, in sexually active females with at least one dose of HPV vaccination, HPV infection was reduced by 86% among those aged 20 −24 years and by 97% among those aged 14–19 years (Rosenblum et al., 2021). In those without HPV vaccination, HPV infection was reduced by 65% among those aged 20–24 years and by 87% among those aged 14–19 years (Rosenblum et al., 2021). These significant declines among unvaccinated females suggest a herd effect and show the increasing impact of HPV vaccination in the United States (Rosenblum et al., 2021). In Denmark, following implementation of HPV vaccination, incidence of vulvar precancerous lesions was reduced in females aged < 20 years and 20–29 years, while it was increased in females aged 50 or older, implying the positive effects of HPV vaccination on development of vulvar cancer (Rasmussen et al., 2020). In addition, among 4,380 patients with oropharyngeal cancer, only 0.02% of patients who received HPV vaccination developed oropharyngeal cancer, and patients with no HPV vaccination had 19 times more risk of devel-oping oropharyngeal cancer (24 times in males and 9 times in females) than their counterparts (Katz, 2021).
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Zeliha Esin Çelik, Serra Akar, Sıddıka Fındık, Emine Aytekin, Çetin Çelik
Vulvar cancer is a rare gynaecologic cancer accounting for approximately 5% of malignancies of the genital tract (Siegel et al. 2021). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common histologic subtype of vulvar cancer (≥75%), is associated with HPV infection in the majority of cases (Schuurman et al. 2013). Other risk factors include chronic inflammation, immunodeficiency and cigarette smoking. However, the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of vulvar cancer are not completely known (de Koning et al. 2008; Madsen et al. 2008; Brinton et al. 2017; Halec et al. 2017; Weberpals et al. 2017).