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Inference on Proportions
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Going back to our original example, consider five-year survival among patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. The mean proportion of individuals surviving five years is and the standard deviation is [232]. If we select a random sample of 100 patients from this population, what is the probability that at least 30% of them survive five years? Before we apply the central limit theorem, we first verify that np and are both greater than 5. Since and , we assume that the distribution of sample proportions is approximately normal with mean and standard error . Therefore,
Paper 2
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Secondary causes are most common, with non-small cell lung cancer being the most frequent cause. Pleural fibromas, mesothelioma, bronchiectasis, cyanotic heart disease and inflammatory bowel disease can also lead to HPOA. Thyroid acropachy and venous stasis can have similar appearances to HPOA but in the latter, other signs such as vascular calcification and phleboliths may be present.
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Patients who smoke after surgery increase their risk of thromboembolic events, poor wound healing, and infection. During radiotherapy, smoking increases the risk of acute mucositis, acute skin reaction, xerostomia, and long-term fibrosis and breast pain. There is also convincing data to suggest that individuals who continue to smoke after cancer treatments have worse cancer outcomes. This is thought to be caused by the continued exposure to carcinogens causing further DNA damage.22 Tobacco use has also been shown to have a direct impact on cellular function by inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating proliferation. A large cohort study from Japan evaluated 25,000 patients who had been treated for lung, breast, or colorectal cancer and reported a median 1.5-year survival; those who continued to smoke were 11% more likely to relapse compared with those who quit after diagnosis.23 A retrospective study of 540 patients with small-cell lung cancer showed that the relative risk of a second lung cancer was 11% in the 70% who managed to quit smoking, whereas in the 30% who continued to smoke, it was almost three times greater at 32%. Two further retrospective studies evaluating outcomes following treatment for head and neck cancer showed that survival rates halved in those who continued to smoke.
Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhenchao Ma, Pengtang Song, Dongxiang Ji, Mingjia Zheng, Guoqing Qiu, Zhicong Liu, Bin Wang
According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 238 healthy subjects and 289 patients were included in our study (Figure 1). In lung cancer patients A group, the mean age of the patients was 66.819 ± 0.655 years (matched to the control group). According to pathological examinations, 154 and 51 patients were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, respectively. Additionally, 179 patients were positive for lymph node metastasis, and 81 patients were classified into stages I + II + III based on the TNM staging system. In lung cancer patients B group, the mean age of the patients was 65.77 ± 0.181 years (matched to the control group). All patients were classified into stages 0 carcinoma in situ. Of the 238 healthy subjects, 55 were female and 183 were male, with a mean age of 65.09 ± 0.700 years. The clinical characteristics of the patients and healthy individuals are summarized in Table 1.
NRP1 regulates radiation-induced EMT via TGF-β/Smad signaling in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
ZhiYuan Chen, Hui Gao, Zhuo Dong, YanNan Shen, ZhiCheng Wang, Wei Wei, JunXuan Yi, Rui Wang, Ning Wu, Shunzi Jin
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and is the primary cause of cancer deaths in both developed and developing countries. Non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for up to 80%–85% of lung cancer patients, and small-cell lung cancer accounts for 15%–20%. Radiation therapy is an important and effective treatment for lung cancer patients. The main methods include radical radiotherapy, palliative radiotherapy, degenerative radiotherapy, and preventive radiotherapy. Although radiotherapy can alleviate the symptoms of lung cancer patients to a certain extent, the therapeutic effect is still poor, and radiation therapy is prone to side effects. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the pathogenesis of lung cancer and its related signaling pathways, which may provide important information for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy and controlling the metastasis and invasion of lung cancer cells.
Anticancer activity of green synthesised gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits A549 cell proliferation through the apoptotic pathway
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Butong Sun, Nanjun Hu, Leng Han, Yanan Pi, Yu Gao, Kang Chen
Lung cancer, also called lung carcinoma, affects both male and female. It is considered as the leading cause of deaths worldwide [1]. Lung cancer is distinguished into small cell and non-small cell lung cancer based on histologic studies. Generally, an advanced type of non-small cell lung cancer has been thought of as poor prognosis; therefore, new ultimate methods are urgently needed for improving the chances of patient survival [2]. The development of therapies to fight against severely multiplying tumors is very difficult. Numerous treatments are available for cancer therapy but they are restricted by the lack of specificity and dose-limiting toxicity [3]. Finding therapeutic drugs for the treatment of numerous types of cancer is a challenge [4]. However, safest methods are of importance for the combination of controlled release, exhibiting targeted delivery, less harmful, and very effective [5]. Nanomaterials are projected optimistically to develop cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology includes the synthesis of nanoscale materials, utilization and understanding of physicochemical and optoelectronic properties. In the new millennium, nanotechnology plays a vital role in the key technologies [6]. Nanoparticles, especially in metal, have obtained great attention because of its distinct physiochemical nature and have become a main active research area due to sensors, imaging, cosmetics, and cancer therapy and drug delivery [7].