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Inference on Proportions
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Going back to our original example, consider five-year survival among patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. The mean proportion of individuals surviving five years is and the standard deviation is [232]. If we select a random sample of 100 patients from this population, what is the probability that at least 30% of them survive five years? Before we apply the central limit theorem, we first verify that np and are both greater than 5. Since and , we assume that the distribution of sample proportions is approximately normal with mean and standard error . Therefore,
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Patients who smoke after surgery increase their risk of thromboembolic events, poor wound healing, and infection. During radiotherapy, smoking increases the risk of acute mucositis, acute skin reaction, xerostomia, and long-term fibrosis and breast pain. There is also convincing data to suggest that individuals who continue to smoke after cancer treatments have worse cancer outcomes. This is thought to be caused by the continued exposure to carcinogens causing further DNA damage.22 Tobacco use has also been shown to have a direct impact on cellular function by inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating proliferation. A large cohort study from Japan evaluated 25,000 patients who had been treated for lung, breast, or colorectal cancer and reported a median 1.5-year survival; those who continued to smoke were 11% more likely to relapse compared with those who quit after diagnosis.23 A retrospective study of 540 patients with small-cell lung cancer showed that the relative risk of a second lung cancer was 11% in the 70% who managed to quit smoking, whereas in the 30% who continued to smoke, it was almost three times greater at 32%. Two further retrospective studies evaluating outcomes following treatment for head and neck cancer showed that survival rates halved in those who continued to smoke.
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Lung cancer is the most common tumor type worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer death, with 900,000 new cases diagnosed each year [27]. Most cases are caused by smoking, but also by certain occupational exposure. No effective treatment is currently available, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 15%. The main cancer types are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The first three are also referred to as “non-small cell” lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). Squamous cell carcinomas arise primarily in the proximal segmental bronchi and are more strongly associated with smoking than are the adenocarcinomas. The mainstay treatment for small cell lung cancer is chemotherapy, with concomitant radiotherapy for patients with limited disease. Surgery is considered for small isolated lesions.
Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhenchao Ma, Pengtang Song, Dongxiang Ji, Mingjia Zheng, Guoqing Qiu, Zhicong Liu, Bin Wang
According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 238 healthy subjects and 289 patients were included in our study (Figure 1). In lung cancer patients A group, the mean age of the patients was 66.819 ± 0.655 years (matched to the control group). According to pathological examinations, 154 and 51 patients were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, respectively. Additionally, 179 patients were positive for lymph node metastasis, and 81 patients were classified into stages I + II + III based on the TNM staging system. In lung cancer patients B group, the mean age of the patients was 65.77 ± 0.181 years (matched to the control group). All patients were classified into stages 0 carcinoma in situ. Of the 238 healthy subjects, 55 were female and 183 were male, with a mean age of 65.09 ± 0.700 years. The clinical characteristics of the patients and healthy individuals are summarized in Table 1.
Diagnostic value of lncRNA HOTAIR as a biomarker for detecting and staging of non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Xin Yao, Teng Wang, Meng Yang Sun, Yang Yuming, Duan Guixin, Jing Liu
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide with a high incidence and mortality, and has been become gradually more frequent in recent years due to the decline of air quality, and the younger generation of smokers (Ferlay et al.2015); and reached 1.82 million worldwide in 2019 (Puglisi et al.2010). According to its pathological classification, lung cancer can be divided into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Among them, non-small cell lung cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer accounting for about 20% (Chheang and Brown 2013). The disease is usually diagnosed through medical imaging, cytology and other related tests, but the above methods have certain limitations (Amaral et al.2008). In addition, there are no typical symptoms in the early stage of the disease for medical staff to judge. Most patients are typically diagnosed when the lung cancer is in the middle and late stages, which surgical resection is suitable (Vansteenkiste et al.2013). Therefore, finding high accurate tumour markers for early diagnosis and initial staging of lung cancer is critical, which needs further research on the pathogenesis of lung cancer (Roointan et al.2019).
NRP1 regulates radiation-induced EMT via TGF-β/Smad signaling in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
ZhiYuan Chen, Hui Gao, Zhuo Dong, YanNan Shen, ZhiCheng Wang, Wei Wei, JunXuan Yi, Rui Wang, Ning Wu, Shunzi Jin
Radiation therapy for chest tumors can cause side effects such as radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, and the EMT is an important part of pulmonary fibrosis. At present, radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for locally advanced lung cancer. Radiotherapy is the best for small-cell lung cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, and is not effective for lung adenocarcinoma (Farin et al. 2015). This study also confirmed that the radiation sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) was significantly lower than that of lung squamous carcinoma cells (SK-MES-1) following 10 Gy IR. Zang et al. (2017) showed that the EMT can be induced in 4 Gy-irradiated esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and cell migration, invasion, and radiation resistance are increased. The expression of EMT mesenchymal markers and transcription factors was increased in A549 cells; however, the expression of EMT mesenchymal markers and transcription factors in wild-type SK-MES-1 cells was not significant changed, which may be related to the radiation sensitivity of SK-MES-1 cells. Therefore, we focused on the role of NRP1 in A549 cells.