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Cancer (Breast)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Most breast cancer forms in the epithelial cells lining the lobules or ducts of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the U.S. Typical symptoms may include a lump in the breast, a change in size or shape of the breast, and/or a discharge from a nipple. Mammograms combined with biopsies can often diagnose the cancer. The strongest risk factor for breast cancer is age because most breast cancers occur in women over 50 years of age.1 Family, personal history of breast cancer, and gynecologic histories are significant contributors to the risk of developing metastatic breast cancer, as is breast density (the more dense the breast tissue, the higher the risk of breast cancer), alcohol intake, hormone therapy history, and diet, which may contribute to development or growth of breast cancers.2
The Twentieth Century and Beyond
Published in Scott M. Jackson, Skin Disease and the History of Dermatology, 2023
The treatment of all types of skin cancer in the nineteenth century was carried out with a variety of options: ligature (tying off the lesion's blood flow with suture), curettage (the use of a scraping instrument), caustics (chemicals to erode the cancerous tissue away), cautery (heat-induced tissue injury), and excision with scalpel or scissors. Of these treatments, caustics were the most common, with the most common caustic used for skin cancer being zinc chloride paste; according to Erasmus Wilson, this procedure was painful but produced the cleanest scar.10 The first reports of complete excision of what appears to have been BCC came in the preceding century. The French surgeon Jacques Daviel (1696–1762) excised what was very likely BCC in ten patients, followed them over time, and published his results in 1755; all had good results.11 His dissertation on the excision of carcinomas was lost, and the late-eighteenth and nineteenth-century physicians continued to fear the worst in regard to the prognosis of noli me tangere.12 Excisional surgery was generally avoided unless the lesion was small and contained. With low awareness among the public about the dangers of skin cancer at that time, it is likely that most patients presented with larger lesions than they would today, making surgery the most tenuous option.
Convolutional Neural Network for Classification of Skin Cancer Images
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
Giang Son Tran, Quoc Viet Kieu, Thi Phuong Nghiem
It was reported by [2] that each day there are nearly 10,000 people having skin cancer in the United States, and two people die every hour. Moreover, the treatment cost of skin cancer is very high. For example, in the United States, around $8.1 billion is used each year for skin cancer treatment [2]. In 2021, more than 5,400 people worldwide are estimated to get death due to nonmelanoma skin cancer each month, in which around 7,180 people (64% men, 36% women) will die of melanoma [2]. With large numbers of deaths caused by skin cancer, early detection will save lives for many patients. The statistics show that if a melanoma patient is treated appropriately at an early stage, they can achieve up to a 99% 5-year survival rate [2]. Therefore, a patient's survival rate can be enhanced by early detection, and diagnosis of skin cancer can help enhance the survival rate of patients.
Non-linear effects of absolute risk information on individuals’self-evaluation, affective responses, and behavioral intentionsof precautionary actions against skin cancer
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Beom Jun Bae, PhD, Gary Heald, PhD
More recent explanations can be found in research on egocentrism.35,43 Egocentrism researchers argue that the commonness of events is positively associated with comparative risk perceptions.35 As a result, there is a tendency for individuals to perceive that they are more likely to experience common events and less likely to experience rare events than the average person. Kruger and Burrus43 conducted an experiment by using 28 events categorized as common/desirable, common/undesirable, rare/desirable, and rare/undesirable events. The results show that individuals, when comparing themselves with the average person, overestimate others’ risks of common events and underestimate their risks of rare events regardless of desirability of the events. The findings may be applied to skin cancer. People may perceive skin cancer as a rare occurrence, and it may be why they underestimate their own risk.
St Andrew’s COVID-19 Surgery Safety (StACS) study: Skin cancer
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
B. H. Miranda, R. C. I. Jica, R. Pinto-Lopes, N. Mopuri, M. K. Sood, M. Tare, O. Shelley, N. El-Muttardi, Fateh Ahmad, Miles E Banwell, David E Barnes, Matthew Griffiths, Amer Hussain, Fortune C Iwuagwu, Loshan Kangesu, Waseem Khan, Niall Martin, Bhagwat S Mathur, Mary Morgan, Paul Morris, Venkat Ramakrishnan, Patricia Rorison, Adam Sierakowski, Kallirroi Tzafetta, Claire J Zweifel, Diana Elena Zberea, Aswin Appukuttan, Tasneem Balgaumwala, Oliver Counter, Swapnil Deelip Deelip, Quillan Young Young, Esther Gathura, Nicola Harris, Will Hughes, Devvrat Katechia, Scott Lavender, David G Martin, N T Mabvuure, Alex Mertic, Adela Miranda, Jo Myers, Fady Nasrallah, Nicholas Pantelides, Sheila Prior, Sreekanth Raveendran, Tracey Sell, Reetu Sinha, Alex Smith, Stratos Sofos, Ben T Smeeton, Jasmine Y M Tang, Amitabh Thacoor, Fawaz Al-Hassani, Anne Tucker
Skin cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers by organ type worldwide [1]. The incidence of skin cancer has been increasing over the past decades; currently, around 2–3 million non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) and over 130,000 melanomas occur globally each year [2]. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for around 75% and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for around 20%, of all NMSC [3]. In the UK there are around 152,000 new NMSC cases diagnosed yearly (2015–2017), with incidence rates having increased by 166% since the early 1990s [3]. While often not acknowledged in overall statistics due to the associated low mortality, NMSC represents the most common cancer by organ type in the UK; NMSC accounts for under 1% (720 patients) of UK cancer deaths yearly (2015), with increased mortality rates in males and patients over the age of 90 years [3]. In terms of cancers associated with higher mortality rates, melanoma is the 5th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for around 4% (16,200) of new cancer diagnoses yearly (2017); compared to the early 1990s, incidence rates have increased by 135% [3]. However, despite established screening pathways, approximately 10% of melanoma patients are diagnosed at a late stage (2012–2013); in the UK, melanoma represents the 20th most common cause (1%, 2300 deaths per year) of cancer-related mortality (2017) [3].
Optimisation of ethosomal nanogel for topical nano-CUR and sulphoraphane delivery in effective skin cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Kriti Soni, Ali Mujtaba, Md. Habban Akhter, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Kanchan Kohli
Skin cancer, an abnormal emergence of cutaneous impairment is one of the most common types of malignant growth and can prompt deformation of skin cells and further led to systemic migration of malignant cells if not analysed and treated early (Priya et al. 2017). Over the previous decades, the prevalence of skin cancer has grown rigorously; the rationale behind these could be multi-factorial including more exposure to UV rays, inflammatory agents, carcinogens induced from external sources, tumour promotor, genetic disorder and sometimes occurrence of moles on the skin. The skin cancer may be categorised into different types; Basal cell skin carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. The benign state of cancer may grow further enter to metastasis phase thereby abnormal cells migrate into distinguished parts of body via systemic circulation. 90% of instances of skin malignancy are brought about by exposure to UV rays from sunlight (Hayano et al. 2012).