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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
In adults, renal cancer is known as renal carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma or hypernephroma. It spreads locally or via the lymphatic system to the renal hilum, retroperitoneum and para-aortic lymph nodes and often invades the renal veins and inferior vena cava. The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, so blockage of this vein by tumour can cause a left-sided varicocoele (dilated varicose vessels in the scrotum). Metastases typically arise in the lungs, liver, bones and brain.
Tumors of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Renal cell carcinoma: As many as two-thirds of patients will develop these tumors during their lifetime.Mean age of discovery is 44 years.Usually multicentric and bilateral.Tumors < 3 cm have a low potential for metastasis.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Joana Jesus Ribeiro, Filipe Palavra, Flávio Reis
The overall incidence of renal cell carcinoma approximates that of the general population, with a lifetime risk of 2%–3%, but it occurs on average 25 years earlier in TSC patients [79]. This carcinoma is usually diagnosed during childhood, but symptoms appear only after many years [1]. An unusual feature of renal carcinoma associated with TSC is its pathological heterogeneity [28]. Clear-cell, papillary, and chromophobe carcinoma subtypes, as well as oncocytomas, have all been reported in patients with TSC [28].
Hot topics in renal cancer pathology: implications for clinical management
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Alessia Cimadamore, Anna Caliò, Laura Marandino, Stefano Marletta, Carmine Franzese, Luigi Schips, Daniele Amparore, Riccardo Bertolo, Stijn Muselaers, Selcuk Erdem, Alexandre Ingels, Nicola Pavan, Angela Pecoraro, Önder Kara, Eduard Roussel, Umberto Carbonara, Riccardo Campi, Michele Marchioni
Renal cell carcinoma shows some peculiar features that contrast with those of prototypical cancer. While a classic carcinoma might include pathological features of aggressiveness such as infiltrative growth pattern, desmoplastic reaction, and high mitotic index, RCCs often do not present any of these features. On the contrary, the typical RCC is well-circumscribed, with a rounded shape and cytological atypia that may range from mild to pleomorphic cells. However, even lacking the typical features of invasive neoplasm, the ability of RCC to metastasize to unusual sites, even decades after the original diagnosis, is well recognized [16,17]. Even though several prognostic parameters have been identified during the last decades [18], the assessment of those features suffers from an interobserver variability among pathologists that might be improved to better stratify patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy. So far, the pathological report of a localized ccRCC had mainly a prognostic value, without any therapeutic implication. Now, as a consequence of these new drug approvals, the indication of adjuvant therapy is largely based on the pathologist’s assessment of features such as grade, sarcomatoid component, invasion of perinephric and/or sinus adipose tissue, and vascular invasion.
Surgical waiting times and all-cause mortality in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
Andreas Karlsson Rosenblad, Pernilla Sundqvist, Ulrika Harmenberg, Mikael Hellström, Fabian Hofmann, Anders Kjellman, Britt-Inger Kröger Dahlin, Per Lindblad, Magnus Lindskog, Sven Lundstam, Börje Ljungberg
Surgical waiting times (SWTs) are of particular interest for patients with malignant diseases, where delays in treatment allow disease progression, metastatic spread and ultimately early death. Prolonged SWT has a significant impact on the psychological wellbeing of cancer patients [1]. The natural history of malignancy and effect of SWTs seems to differ between cancers. A reduced survival after delay has been reported for patients with bladder and breast cancer [2–4], but not shown for prostate or colon cancer patients [5–7]. Intuitively, time makes a difference in tumour development, with local growth and distant spread as well as potential supervening genetic changes of the tumour. For patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the impact of shorter tumour growth time is clearly shown by the increased proportion of incidental detection, which has resulted in a stage shift towards smaller tumours, lower stages and improved survival [8].
Are Serum Ferritin Levels a Reliable Cancer Biomarker? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Wilmer Ramírez-Carmona, Beatriz Díaz-Fabregat, Andreia Yuri Yoshigae, Ariana Musa de Aquino, Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano, Anthony César de Souza Castilho, Juliane Avansini Marsicano, Rosana Leal do Prado, Juliano Pelim Pessan, Leonardo de Oliveira Mendes
The behavior of SF levels between cancer stages leads to similar results between stage I and II (SMD −0.66; CI −1.61,0.28; p = 0.17; I2 81%), without statistical difference between the early stages (Stage I and II) of disease progression compared to healthy control (SMD 4.60; CI −2.21,11.41; p = 0.19; I2 99%, and SMD 5.60; CI −1.31,12.51; p = 0.11; I2 99% respectively). However, in the advanced stages (Stage III and IV) the SF levels were higher than healthy adults (SMD 4.89; CI 2.72,7.06; p < 0.01; I2 93%, and SMD 8.40; CI 6.99,9.82; p < 0.01; I2 61% respectively). Despite the heterogeneity among subgroups (p < 0.01), the results showed an increasing in ferritin levels according with the disease progression. In the renal cell carcinoma, this increase was more evident and marked from the stage I of cancer, already showing differences in relation to control group (Stage I: SMD 0.83; CI 0.02,1.63; p = 0.04, Stage II: SMD 3.08; CI 1.76,4.40; p < 0.01, Stage III: SMD 4.43; CI 2.83,6.04; p < 0.01, and Stage IV: SMD 7.53; CI 5.53,9.52; p < 0.01). SF levels (ng/ml) Meta-analysis comparing TNM stages and control group were presented in Supplement 4 (Table 1).