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Introduction
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Cancer is a dreaded disease. One in two people will be diagnosed with cancer within their lifetime. There are over 200 different types of cancer, however, and they are often grouped together under one name. For example, kidney cancer, otherwise known as renal cell cancer, can be of three main types: clear cell, papillary and chromophobe, but there are also some rare types of renal cell cancers. After grouping some of the cancers together, there are probably about 100 cancers.
Renal Cell Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Systemic symptoms are common in patients with locally advanced or metastatic kidney cancer and include fatigue, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, and fever. Anemia, hypercalcemia, and an elevated lactate dehydrogenase are of adverse prognostic significance.6
Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Marianne Geilswijk, Mette Sommerlund, Mia Gebauer Madsen, Anne-Bine Skytte, Elisabeth Bendstrup
According to the American Cancer Society, the overall lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer is about 1.6% [53]. In the BHD population, the risk is increased considerably. In comparison to unaffected siblings, the risk of developing renal tumors is sevenfold greater in a BHD patient [5]. Between 16% and 34% of BHD patients develop renal tumors, and in more than half of these patients, bilateral and multifocal tumors are described (Figure 26.3) [9,42,54–56].
The MICA-NKG2D axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma bolsters MICA as target in immuno-oncology
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Florencia Secchiari, Sol Yanel Nuñez, Jessica Mariel Sierra, Andrea Ziblat, María Victoria Regge, Ximena Lucía Raffo Iraolagoitia, Agustín Rovegno, Carlos Ameri, Fernando Pablo Secin, Nicolás Richards, Hernando Ríos Pita, Gonzalo Vitagliano, Luis Rico, Mauro Mieggi, Florencia Frascheri, Nicolás Bonanno, Leandro Blas, Aldana Trotta, Adrián David Friedrich, Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes, Carolina Inés Domaica, Norberto Walter Zwirner
Renal cell carcinomas constitute the most frequent type of kidney cancer, with a global incidence in 2018 of 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals according to GLOBOCAN 2020. The most frequent RCC is ccRCC (70–75% of all RCC), followed by papillary RCC (PRCC), chromophobe RCC (ChRCC) and other less frequent types of RCC. Conversely, other kidney tumors such as renal oncocytoma (RO) are benign. Prognosis is good for patients diagnosed at early stages of RCC (five-year survival rates of 81% for stage I RCC and 74% for stage II RCC) but the prognosis worsens for patients with stages III and IV of RCC.53–55 RCC patients can be treated by partial or radical nephrectomy, kinase inhibitors or, more recently, with ICI that target the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.56,57 Accordingly, the modulation of the immune system seems to provide novel therapeutic opportunities for RCC patients. However, recurrence and metastasis remain as a major problem for these patients. As tumor immunoevasion strategies impact on TINK and might involve the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis,58,59 discovering novel targets is of major interest for immunotherapy and the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis has emerged as a promising target in immuno-oncology.45
Diagnostic significance of miRNAs as potential biomarkers for human renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
RCC is one of the most common malignant tumors of the urinary system, which is currently primarily detected and diagnosed by imaging technologies. Although the popularity of CT, MRI, FDG-PET, and other techniques make it possible to detect early and smaller kidney cancer, the early diagnosis rate is still low. Although some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and DNA methylation biomarkers are helpful in the diagnosis of RCC, they lack sensitivity and specificity [33,34]. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore new biomarkers for early detection of renal cancer, which is also of great significance for renal cancer treatment, monitoring of recurrence, and prognosis prediction. At present, ~2,588 miRNAs have been found, which are involved in many important cellular biological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Most of them are located in tumor-related fragile sites or gene regions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors [35].
An up-to-date evaluation of cabozantinib for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Andrea Marchetti, Matteo Rosellini, Alessandro Rizzo, Veronica Mollica, Nicola Battelli, Francesco Massari, Matteo Santoni
Kidney cancer is the 7th and the 10th most common neoplasia in the worldwide male and female population, respectively, with an increasing incidence in the recent years [1]. According to the pathological classification by the International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver Consensus Statement, despite many oncological diseases are included in the term renal cell carcinoma (RCC), two main settings may be outlined: clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC) [2]. Clear cell RCC represent about 75–80% of all RCCs new cases per year, while nccRCC is diagnosed in the remaining 20–25% of cases. More than a dozen pathological entities are included within the latter group, each one characterized by specific genomic and pathogenetic signatures. Among these, papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) have the highest incidence [3]. Focusing on metastatic disease, both ccRCC and nccRCC are resistant to standard chemotherapy, resulting in poor patients’ prognosis and highlighting the need for different treatment strategies. Over the past 15 years, the medical treatment of metastatic RCC has radically changed, transiting from a non-specific immune approach with cytokines, to targeted therapy against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and, recently, to novel immunotherapy agents and immuno-combinations [4]. This therapeutic evolution is the result of a progressively increasing knowledge about renal oncogenesis and it has led to meaningful improvements in terms of patients’ clinical outcomes.