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Hygiene
Published in Barbara Smith, Linda Field, Nursing Care, 2019
The incidence of mouth cancer has increased in the UK over the past couple of decades. Nurses need to be able to recognise the signs of mouth cancer, as early detection is essential for successful treatment. The nurse should refer the patient to dental services if they detect any changes in a patient’s mouth. Things to look out for include white or red patches in the mouth, lumps or painful ulcers that last for more than two weeks, sore patches, swelling or tightness in the mouth, and difficulty in opening the mouth fully. Wearing ill-fitting dentures can hide some of these changes. The risk of mouth cancer developing is increased by smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco and drinking more than a safe amount of alcohol (Department of Health, 2017). The combination of smoking and drinking increases the risk: three-quarters of mouth cancers are a result of this. Betel quid is traditionally chewed in some Asian countries. The risk of mouth cancer increases greatly if the betel contains tobacco. Patients should be encouraged to reduce the amount of betel they chew, to chew for shorter periods, and to rinse out the mouth after each chew. Care for dry mouth is very important as this can be a distressing symptom for the patient, as can a painful mouth which is another symptom for people who have mouth, head and neck cancer, the use of a soft, small-headed toothbrush and dry mouth gel is essential for these patients (Doshi, 2016).
Oral cavity malignancy
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion border of the lips anteriorly to the junction of the hard and soft palate superiorly and the line of the circumvallate papillae on the junction of the posterior one-third third and anterior two- thirds of the tongue posteriorly. The anatomical sites that are frequently involved in mouth cancer include the floor of the mouth, the lateral border of the anterior tongue, buccal sulcus and the retromolar trigone (Figure48.1). The retro- molar trigone is defined as the attached mucosa overlying the ascending ramus of the mandible posterior to the last molar tooth and extending superiorly to the maxillary tuberosity. It is essential to appreciate the anatomical boundries of the oral cavity when defining tumour sites, particularly with respect to prognosis; the aetiological influence of HPV and its implication of improved outcomes is restricted to tumours of the oropharynx (in particular tonsillar and base of tongue subsites).
Thinking about your own health
Published in Wesley C Finegan, Being a Cancer Patient’s Carer, 2018
Mouth cancer is commoner in people over the age of 50, but can affect any age group, so don’t assume that you are too young. The things to report include: a persisting sore mouth or sore throatan ulcer or a sore area that does not heal after three weeksany lump or thickened area in your mouthany red or white patch.
A loss-of-function polymorphism in ATG16L1 compromises therapeutic outcome in head and neck carcinoma patients
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Julie Le Naour, Zsofia Sztupinszki, Vincent Carbonnier, Odile Casiraghi, Virginie Marty, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Zoltan Szallasi, Guido Kroemer, Erika Vacchelli
It should be noted that rs2241880 has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn’s disease.143–147 Several studies have been performed to evaluate the putative association between IBD and HNSCC susceptibility, development, or outcome.137,148–151 Particularly, in a large cohort of IBD patients (more than 7000), rs2241880 has been correlated with an increased risk of developing oral (especially tongue) carcinoma.149 Similarly, a Dutch study reported that IBD is associated with impaired survival of patients with oral cavity carcinoma and that advanced age at IBD diagnosis can be considered as a risk factor for the development of this malignancy.150Additionally, IBD patients are more prone to develop mouth cancer, and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis may be linked to long-lasting inflammation, immunosuppressive treatments and to their HPV status.151 The role of ATG16L1 loss-of-function alleles has also been reported for other cancers than HNSCC. Indeed, rs2241880 has been described as a risk factor both for developing hepatocellular carcinoma in the context of cirrhosis,152 breast cancer,153 and gastric cancer.154 Moreover, the ATG16L1AG genotype was found to be associated with an earlier age at diagnosis of melanoma.155 All these observations underscore the implications of ATG16L1 T300A in several types of cancer and, more specifically, its prognostic value in HNSCC.
Possible association of periodontal disease with oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Adriana Colonia-García, Mariana Gutiérrez-Vélez, Andrés Duque-Duque, Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
In patients with concomitant periodontal disease and OC, the most prevalent type of OC was OTSCC, which was found in 22% (n = 132) of the patients (stage I, n = 12; stage II, n = 6; stage III, n = 6, stage IV, n = 5) [22]. Nineteen per cent of these patients presented floor of the mouth cancer (stage I, n = 6; stage II, n = 11; stage III, n = 1; stage IV, n = 7). Another study [21] reported that 36% of the patients in the case group (periodontal disease) had tongue cancer (21% in the lateral border and 15% in the base) and 12% had floor of the mouth cancer. Of the total number of cases (n = 35), 3% were classified as stage I, 19% as stage II, 34% as stage III, and 44% as stage IV. Additionally, Tezal et al. [26] reported that 67.2% of the patients with periodontitis presented with well to moderately differentiated OSCC and 32.8% with poorly differentiated OSCC. Among patients with periodontitis and OSCC, 44.4% were classified as stage 0–II and 55.6% as stage III–IV.
A prognostic scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent surgery-based treatment
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Young Min Park, Kyung Ho Oh, Jae-Gu Cho, Seung-Kuk Baek, Soon-Young Kwon, Kwang-Yoon Jung, Jeong-Soo Woo
The mean follow-up period was 50.6 months (range: 3–117 months). There were 43 males and 26 females. The mean age was 62.0 years (range: 40–93 years). Primary subsites consisted of 46 patients with tongue cancer, two patients with buccal mucosa cancer, one patient with a retromolar trigone cancer, 10 patients with hard palate cancer, and 10 patients with floor of mouth cancer. Patients were classified according to the American Joint of Cancer Committee 7th edition TNM staging system: stage I; 37.5%, stage II; 18.8%, stage III; 7.2%, and stage IV; 36.2%. Other patient information is summarized in Table 1. At last follow-up, 53 patients had no evidence of disease status, six were alive with disease, and 10 had died. Recurrence developed in 16 patients, six had local recurrence, eight had regional recurrence, and two had distant metastasis. Recurred disease was treated with salvage surgery, RTx, chemotherapy, or combined modalities. The 5-year DSS of all patients was 78.9%, and 5-year recurrence-free survival was 73.2%.