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Breast Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Risk assessment refers to the determination of whether a woman is at low, average, or high risk of developing BrCA during her lifetime. (Note: male breast cancers are extremely rare, and have their own risk factors.18) An abnormal thermogram carries a heightened risk of BrCA, and may be considered an independent risk factor for BrCA.19
Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Table 7.1 shows the incidence of breast cancer and prostate cancer in England and Iceland for the years 2003–2007. The data were downloaded from IACR. Comparing the incidence rates (IR) for prostate cancer in England and Iceland, the rate for Iceland is 20.2 higher than that for England. The female breast cancer rate for England is 26.0 higher than than for Iceland. Male breast cancer is rare in both populations, and when we discuss breast cancer we will only be dealing with female breast cancer.
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are examples of genes that increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer in women, and male breast cancer and prostate cancer in men. BRCA1 provides the instructions needed by a cell to produce tumor suppressor proteins necessary to prevent uncontrollable cell growth and division, thus preventing tumor establishment, growth, and spread. Women carrying the faulty BRCA1 gene have a 60–90% lifetime risk of breast cancer and a 40–60% risk of ovarian cancer (i.e., for every 100 women, 60–90 will develop breast cancer in their lifetime and 40–60 will develop ovarian cancer). There are also population differences; although faulty BRCA genes affect around 1 in every 400 people in most populations, those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at much higher risk with as many as 1 in 40 carrying a faulty gene. Recent research has identified over 100 new gene variants associated with an increased risk of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Individually, these new gene variants may only slightly increase the risk of cancer, but the presence of a combination of them could mean a high risk overall.
Review of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Assessment, 2021
Lakyn Husinka, Pamela H. Koerner, Rick T. Miller, William Trombatt
Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women; equaling approximately 30% of all newly diagnosed cancers in women in the United States. Breast cancer is typically invasive in nature, overtaking breast tissue, but can also be noninvasive, contained to the milk ducts and lobules of the breast. It is predicted that over 276,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 48,000 new cases of noninvasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in 2020. Males have a 1 in 883 lifetime risk of breast cancer with a predictive 2600 new cases to be diagnosed in 20201. If unmanaged, breast cancer typically metastasizes to the bones, brain, and lungs leading to worsening prognosis and disease state complications. Although the number of breast cancer deaths has decreased over the past decade, breast cancer is the second highest cause of death due to cancer in the female population. Current data report the 5-year survival rate of invasive breast cancer for women is 91%. This number decreases to 86% when metastasized to the lymph nodes and 27% in metastases to distant organs1,2. Men typically have a worse prognosis and lower survival rates when compared to women. Due to lack of trials and resulting data, as well as absence of screening recommendations for male breast cancer patients, males are often diagnosed much later after cancer development. A recently published study reported 5 year survival of male patients to be 9% lower than their female counter parts as well as having a 19% increased all-cause mortality rate3.
Evaluating triptorelin as a treatment option for breast cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Emanuela Ferraro, Dario Trapani, Eleonora Marrucci, Giuseppe Curigliano
Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for 1% of all breast tumors, the majority being HR-positive. Most of the therapeutic options, despite the presence of a peculiar endocrine background, are extrapolated from female breast cancer because clinical trials often exclude men. In advanced setting or in case of relapse under tamoxifen, the use of LH-RHa as an alternative option to orchiectomy is strongly recommended in combination with AI to further downregulate testicular function. Indeed, in men, 80% of circulating estrogens derive from aromatization of androgens: the chronic use of AI alone can increase LH and FSH levels and ultimately lead to increased testicular hormones production. The most common adverse events are weight gain and sexual dysfunction/loss of libido, followed by hot flushes, neurocognitive deficits. Due to this toxicity profile, about 20% of male patients withdrawn the treatment [46].
Molecular docking and dynamics studies of 4-anilino quinazolines for epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase to find potent inhibitor
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2018
Suresh Kumar Muthuvel, Elakkiya Elumalai, Girija K., Hemalatha K.
The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries [1]. There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer, and in females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer [1]. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children less than 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The rising trend of breast cancer in both developed and developing countries is a real threat challenging all efforts for screening, prevention, and treatment aspects to reduce this cancer. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple) [2]. Another type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast ducts or lobules to surrounding normal tissue. Breast cancer occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.